Suchergebnisse

State-society relations during the modern period reflect notions of citizenship analogous to Isaiah Berlin's (1969) concepts of positive & negative liberty. Positive citizenship, motivated by what Robert O'Brien (1997) calls "the democratic impulse," is highly participatory. The politics of 17th-century Protestant social movements constitutes one historical model to which 20th-century fundamentalist movements can be compared. Characterized by a shrinkage of the private sphere & an expansion of public life, positive citizenship emphasizes active engagement in establishing & implementing normative standards for individuals & communities & control of the state for virtuous ends. Negative citizenship concentrates on the protection of individual rights, expanding both the private sphere & a third, or meta-, space that evinces qualities of public & private realm simultaneously. The historical model presented is what Jurgen Habermas (1991) has called the "bourgeois public sphere," a quasi-parallel polis from within which critics of state power assert their right to resist & organize their capacity to repel attempts to enforce standards of public virtue however arrived at. These ideal types are compared to different scenarios of state-society relations to analyze the likely impact on public & private life of rapid globalization. 64 References. Adapted from the source document.

THE AUTHOR TRACES THE EVOLUTION OF KUWAITI OIL INVESTMENT STRATEGY AND ITS EFFECT ON INTERNATIONAL POLITICS FOLLOWING IRAQ'S INVASION OF KUWAIT IN 1990. SHE ARGUES THAT THE SUCCESS OF KUWAIT'S APPEALS TO OTHER COUNTRIES TO COME TO ITS ASSISTANCE DEPENDED ON THE UNIQUE ACCESS THAT KUWAIT HAD TO DECISION MAKERS IN KEY COUNTRIES AND ON THE SUBSTANTIAL OVERLAP BETWEEN KUWAITI NATIONAL INTERESTS AND THE INTERESTS OF THE COALITION STATES. IN THE DECADES BEFORE THE INVASION, KUWAITI ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL INTERESTS BECAME EMBEDDED IN THE ECONOMIES OF POWERFUL WESTERN HOST COUNTRIES. MORE SO THAN MANY OTHER EXAMPLES OF INTERNATIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE, THESE INVESTMENTS HAD A CLEAR AND STRIKING IMPACT ON THE HIGH POLITICS OF WAR AND STATE SURVIVAL. AFTER 30 YEARS OF CULTIVATING ECONOMIC PARTNERS, KUWAIT WAS ABLE TO CALL ON MANY OF THOSE PARTNERS TO PROVIDE MILITARY FORCES TO FIGHT THE IRAQI OCCUPATION.

THEORIES THAT SET OUT TO DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE AND EXPLAIN THE OPERATION OF THE MODERN WORLD ORDER ARE OFTEN UNCLEAR AND INCOMPLETE BECAUSE OF CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN DEFINING THE SYSTEM AS A WHOLE AND THE NATURE OF THE ACTORS WHOSE RELATIONSHIPS CONSTITUTE IT. THE TERM MOST FREQUENTLY USED TO DESCRIBE THIS SYSTEM IS HEGEMONY, YET DESCRIPTIONS OF HEGEMONY AND HOW IT OPERATES TEND TO LOAD THE CONCEPT WITH IMAGES ARISING FROM MULTIPLE PATTERNS OF SYSTEM DOMINANCE BY ONE STATE, CAUSING IT TO EXPLAIN BOTH MORE AND LESS THAN A GIVEN EMPIRICAL SITUATION MIGHT WARRANT. AS A RESULT OF OVERGENERALIZATION AND THE OMISSION OR, AT BEST, SURFACE EXAMINATION, OF IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF MODERN HEGEMONY, THESE THEORIES ARE LESS USEFUL TO POLICY-MAKERS IN TODAY'S HEGEMON, THE UNITED STATES, THAN THEY MIGHT BE. THIS ARTICLE IS AN ATTEMPT TO EXPAND AND CLARIFY THE CONCEPTS OF HEGEMONY, EMPIRE, AND REGIME, IN THE SPECIFIC CONTEXT OF LIBERAL INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDERS AND THEN TO USE THESE CONCEPTS TO ANALYZE THE STRUCTURE AND EVOLUTION OF THE POST-SECOND WORLD WAR HEGEMONIC SYSTEM.

THE ISSUE OF SECURITY IN THE ARABIAN GULF HAS ASSUMED ALMOST CRISIS PROPORTIONS SINCE THE END OF 1978. REVOLUTION, SUBVERSION, CIVIL WAR, INVASION, AND INTERFERENCE BY THE UNITED STATES AND ESPECIALLY BY THE SOVIET UNION, THREATEN THOSE GULF NATIONS NOMINALLY AT PEACE AND TORMENT THEM ALL. THIS BOOK IS COMPOSED ALMOST ENTIRELY OF PAPERS GIVEN AT AN OCTOBER 1980 SYMPOSIUM SPONSORED BY THE ARAB RESEARCH CENTRE. THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION, THE AMERICAN HOSTAGES, THE PLIGHT OF AFGHANISTAN, AND THE NEWLY BEGUN IRAQ-IRAN WAR RUN LIKE RED THREADS THROUGH THE SOBER FABRIC OF THE VARIOUS ANALYSES OF GULF SECURITY. YET, IN SPITE OF THIS FOCUS ON EPHEMERA, THE BOOK AS A WHOLE AND SEVERAL OF ITS PARTS WILL REMAIN INTERESTING AND USEFUL TO ANALYSTS FOR SOME TIME.