Suchergebnisse

Tesis por compendio ; The effect of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) on agri-food trade has drawn broad research interest and gained a substantial attention by scientific community as well as by policy makers. Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) standards among others represent a major challenge for trade policy and food safety. The identification and measurement of the economic implications of NTMs require the use of an adequate both methodological and empirical framework to derive sound estimates. By targeting economic sectors and issues not previously investigated, this Thesis contributes to previous literature on determining the factors that affect the implementation of SPS and their effects on trade flows. Four specific objectives have been pursued in four papers that constitute the main body of the present Thesis. The main purpose of the first paper is to investigate the scope of the reputation effect over time. To do so, we use The European Union (EU)'s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) data on sanitary and phytosanitary notifications from 1998 to 2013. Two count data models have been implemented to estimate the distribution of current notifications. In line with previous literature, our findings indicate that reputation does affect current EU notifications. Furthermore, we identify some relevant exporter countries for which reputation is long-lasting. The second paper aims at analyzing the behavior of the EU in controlling Aflatoxin (AF) contamination with respect to tree nuts and groundnuts for the period (1998-2015). To conduct this analysis, we have used a count data model, based on political economy considerations, past alerts and path dependence effects. Policy changes, including harmonization of AF standards and their further relaxing are estimated to have significant impact on the frequency of border controls. In the third paper, we seek to assess the influencing factors on food standard enforcement in the EU with a special attention to agri-food imports from Mediterranean countries. We explore ...

The EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed provides information on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) notifications. With a set of data from the 1998-2013 period, we test the hypothesis that past notifications can determine current notifications. This is the "reputation effect", meaning that inspectors may tend to target products or countries with previous SPS problems. We analyze the scope of the reputation effect over time. We used two count data models to estimate the distribution of current notifications. In line with previous literature, our findings indicate that reputation does affect current EU notifications. Furthermore, we identify some relevant exporter countries for which reputation is long-lasting. ; El sistema de alerta rápida para alimentos de la UE informa sobre notificaciones sanitarias y fitosanitarias. Con datos del periodo 1998-2013, se comprueba la hipótesis de si notificaciones pasadas afectan a las notificaciones presentes. Se trata del efecto reputación, que implica que los inspectores pueden dirigir sus inspecciones a productos o países que hayan tenido previamente problemas sanitarios y fitosanitarios; también se analiza el alcance temporal de la reputación. Se utilizan dos modelos de recuento para estimar la distribución de las notificaciones actuales. Los resultados muestran que la reputación influye en las notificaciones actuales de la UE. Además, se identifican varios exportadores relevantes para los que la reputación tiene un efecto duradero.

La situation de la planification en Tunisie est celle d'un pays qui a, à la fois, une forte tradition historique de planification nationale et qui a montré une grande capacité à évoluer dans ses modes d'organisation : d'institutions centralisées de type socialiste à des plans nationaux de développement libéraux, jusqu'à des processus post-révolutionnaires basés sur la régionalisation et la participation. En nous reposant sur une analyse diachronique des principaux moments de planification nationale et une lecture attentive des documents contemporains, conjointement à des entretiens auprès des principaux acteurs de la planification actuelle, nous mettons en lumière les éléments qui caractérisent la nouvelle planification nationale du développement en Tunisie, notamment la démocratisation du processus et la prise en compte des stratégies des acteurs de la société civile et des opposants politiques. Nous faisons également une analyse critique de ses limites concernant la difficulté d'adéquation entre budgets alloués et attentes suscitées et la délégitimation induite du processus de planification.

[EN] The EU's Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed provides information on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) notifications. With a set of data from the 1998-2013 period, we test the hypothesis that past notifications can determine current notifications. This is the "reputation effect", meaning that inspectors may tend to target products or countries with previous SPS problems. We analyze the scope of the reputation effect over time. We used two count data models to estimate the distribution of current notifications. In line with previous literature, our findings indicate that reputation does affect current EU notifications. Furthermore, we identify some relevant exporter countries for which reputation is long-lasting. ; [ES] El sistema de alerta rápida para alimentos de la UE informa sobre notificaciones sanitarias y fitosanitarias. Con datos del periodo 1998-2013, se comprueba la hipótesis de si notificaciones pasadas afectan a las notificaciones presentes. Se trata del efecto reputación, que implica que los inspectores pue-den dirigir sus inspecciones a productos o países que hayan tenido previamente problemas sanitarios y fi-tosanitarios; también se analiza el alcance temporal de la reputación. Se utilizan dos modelos de recuento para estimar la distribución de las notificaciones actuales. Los resultados muestran que la reputación in-fluye en las notificaciones actuales de la UE. Además, se identifican varios exportadores relevantes para los que la reputación tiene un efecto duradero ; The authors are grateful for the comments of two anonymous referees on a previous draft of this paper. V. Martinez-Gomez and L. Marti acknowledge the financial support of the Generalitat Valenciana, project GV/2015/073. ; Taghouti, I.; Martinez Gómez, VD.; Marti, L. (2017). Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures in agri-food imports from the European Union: Reputation effects over time. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 16(2):69-88. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2016.02.03 ; SWORD ; 69 ; 88 ...

AbstractFood safety concerns about the risk of aflatoxin (AF) contamination have been growing in many regions, particularly in the European Union (EU). To protect consumers from health risks, the EU has established strict standards for maximum acceptable AF levels in food products; these standards have changed several times. This article examines the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database, which contains notifications on border controls on AF levels in tree nuts and peanuts. A count data model was used to analyze the impact of political economy considerations, past alerts, and path‐dependence effects on RASFF border controls. Policy changes, including the harmonization and relaxing of the EU's AF standards, significantly affected the frequency of border controls, with diverse effects among exporting countries. It is believed that the present study provides some insights to the modeling of food standards for explanation or forecasting purposes.

This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy following peer review. The version of record Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, J.-M., Taghouti, I. and Martinez-Gomez, V. (2020), Changes in Aflatoxin Standards: Implications for EU Border Controls of Nut Imports. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 42: 524-541. doi:10.1093/aepp/ppy036 is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppy036. ; [EN] Food safety concerns about the risk of aflatoxin (AF) contamination have been growing in many regions, particularly in the European Union (EU). To protect consumers from health risks, the EU has established strict standards for maximum acceptable AF levels in food products; these standards have changed several times. This article examines the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database, which contains notifications on border controls on AF levels in tree nuts and peanuts. A count data model was used to analyze the impact of political economy considerations, past alerts, and path-dependence effects on RASFF border controls. Policy changes, including the harmonization and relaxing of the EU¿s AF standards, significantly affected the frequency of border controls, with diverse effects among exporting countries. It is believed that the present study provides some insights to the modeling of food standards for explanation or forecasting purposes. ; García Alvarez-Coque, JM.; Taghouti, I.; Martinez Gomez, VD. (2020). Changes in aflatoxin standards: Implications for EU border controls of nut imports. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy. 42(3):524-541. https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppy036 ; S ; 524 ; 541 ; 42 ; 3 ; Bagwell, K., & Staiger, R. W. (2001). Domestic Policies, National Sovereignty, and International Economic Institutions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116(2), 519-562. doi:10.1162/00335530151144096 ; Baylis, K., Martens, A., & Nogueira, L. (2009). What Drives Import Refusals? American Journal of Agricultural ...

[EN] Limited capacity to comply with standards and controls has constrained the trade opportunities generated by bilateral agreements and preferences given to developing countries such as those belonging to the Mediterranean region. Specifically, in this paper we focus on the implementation of a specific type of Non-Tariff Measures that includes food safety concerns by the European Union. This is carried out through exploring some of the influencing factors on food standard enforcement in the EU, which is a major importer of agro-food products from developing countries. The issue at stake emerges on the possible rationale behind the border notifications on food imports -which can be the result of the management of specific risks- but beyond that by considering the reputation of the product or of the country of origin. We explore the hypothesis that the past border notifications affect current notifications, in other words, they affect current decisions on the implementation of food standards by the EU. Methodologically, notifications are extracted from those reported on the Rapid Alert System for Feed and Food (RASFF), and count data models are used to account for the over-dispersion existing in them. The results of the paper support the hypothesis that previous food notifications may slightly affect current notifications; nevertheless this effect seems to be less relevant for products of interest for Mediterranean Partner Countries. Hence, we cannot identify a pro or anti Mediterranean bias in the way that food safety controls are implemented at the EU borders. ; The authors wish to thank Josep Domènech and Lorena Tudela for helpful insights and assistance in implementing the algorithm for the transformation of RASFF data into computable data. The authors acknowledge the support received from the projects AGL2012–39793-C03–02, funded by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Spain) and the Univeristat Politècnica de València (PAID 06-12). ; Taghouti, I.; Martinez Gómez, VD.; García Alvarez-Coque, JM. ...

Non Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) are important resources for rural economies. Highly regarded food products are collected from Mediterranean forests, such as nuts, berries, mushrooms and truffles, as well as aromatic and medicinal plants. Other NWFPs, such as resin or cork, can play a role in the circular bio-economy, providing sustainable alternatives to fossil-based raw materials. However, achieving fair levels of profitability for all actors throughout the value chain is still a challenge. Existing hourglass-shaped monopsony structures need to be resolved and market access to local producers must be strengthened. Furthermore, it is important to promote greater consumer awareness and willingness to pay for the sustainable, 'wild-collected' nature of these goods. The European thematic network INCREDIBLE (Innovation networks on Non-Wood Forest Products in the Mediterranean basin) brings together the main actors associated with NWFP with the aim of sharing knowledge, expertise and experience. Sharing information helps to identify the challenges and requirements of each NWFP value chain so that profitability and sustainability can be improved. The objective of Open Innovation is to bring together innovative ideas of actors from different organisations, thus making the best use of their respective areas of competence in order to create an effective innovation ecosystem. INCREDIBLE facilitates open innovation by establishing and operating Innovation Networks (iNets) for different NWFPs. The social, technological and silvicultural challenges and requirements for innovation in each iNet are identified and different approaches to addressing these are explored by the various actors involved in accordance with their areas of competence. ; This paper about the European Thematic Network INCREdibleis based on a communication to the 4thInternational Non Wood Forest Product Symposium, Bursa, October 2018.This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement Nº 774632.

There is an increasing evidence for the significant value and potential of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) worldwide. Among other non-wood forest products, MAPs are considered a key element of sustainable forest management and economic development. As part of Mediterranean cultural heritage, these plants are a major driver of rural tourism, in many areas representing an important raw material for various bio-based industrial sectors. Besides their economic value, MAPs enhance social integration and maintain gender balance as harvesting and processing MAPs is clearly a female dominated task. Despite the prominent contribution of MAPs to local development, conservation of biodiversity and the development of the traditional Mediterranean food system, many challenges and knowledge gaps could potentially place the sector's development at risk. The aim of this work is to examine the present situation of the MAPs sector in the most productive countries around the Mediterranean and to identify future challenges and priority actions to develop the MAPs sector in the region. To do so, a supply chain analysis was performed to identify the main stakeholders involved. Various experts from Croatia, France, Greece, Spain, and Tunisia participated in the SWOT analysis and the Delphi approach employed in this study. The results highlight the main challenges facing the sector in Mediterranean countries. Five groups of challenges are identified, related mainly to certification and labelling, life quality and wellbeing, market development, research development, and transforming and processing. To overcome these challenges, a set of actions is validated by the interviewed experts with the aim of improving marketing strategies and including various innovations related to political, legal, organisational, and institutional frameworks. ; This research was developed within the framework of the project "Innovation Networks of Cork, Resins and Edibles in the Mediterranean basin"-INCREDIBLE. This project has received funding from the ...