Suchergebnisse

Résumé Les techniques de reproduction forment un espace privilégié pour l'imagination. Au-delà des rêves d'"avant-monde", l'expérience de l'assistance médicale à la procréation offre un terrain d'observation des rapports sociaux d'aujourd'hui, préfigurant ceux de demain. Cet article s'intéresse à l'expansion de la médecine technique et à ses conséquences, ainsi qu'à la transformation des rapports entre hommes et femmes autour de la procréation. Ce bilan aboutit à un questionnement sur d'éventuels déplacements d'inégalités.

A livre escolha da maternidade e do momento de vivê-la foram reivindicações centrais e unânimes do movimento de mulheres nos anos 1970. Em uma primeira fase, esse embate foi amplamente acompanhado por profissionais da área médica, com a difusão de práticas medicalizadas de contracepção e de aborto. Em contrapartida, as tecnologias reprodutivas que permitem adiar a idade da maternidade foram acolhidas com controvérsias pelas feministas: será que essa medicalização da procriação contribuiria para libertar as mulheres dos limites cronológicos ou, pelo contrário, as confinaria a um destino maternal? É essa questão que esse artigo pretende esclarecer, a partir da experiência social da fecundação in vitro nas duas últimas décadas, sobretudo a realizada em um hospital francês.

Résumé C'est la fabrication du corps reproducteur dans le contexte actuel des techniques médicales de procréation qui est l'objet de cette contribution. Trois dimensions de cette production du corps, envisagée comme un processus à la fois biologique et social en constant réaménagement, sont abordées successivement ici : l'image dessinée par la recherche scientifique ; l'ancrage dans la standardisation hospitalière ; le montage social découlant des réglementations. L'observation de différents indicateurs du système de genre dans chacun de ces registres — les attributs masculins et féminins, le siège de la reproduction, le système de sexualité — incite à conclure à une reproduction des rapports de genre. Néanmoins, on assiste simultanément à une plasticité corporelle, à un brouillage des catégories impliquant de nouvelles tensions : rien ne paraît donc définitivement joué dans les combinaisons potentielles des rapports sociaux entre hommes, femmes, chercheurs et médecins.

The analysis between those involved in new reproductive technology has often led to highlighting the strategies of those who are considered dominant : inventors, doctors, men. Here on the other hand we study the experience of women, making the hypothesis that there are differences in the search for medically-assisted reproduction reflecting the complexity of gender relations. Indeed, analysing women's trajectories on the basis of the medical records of a specialized hospital service reveal specific forms of behaviour : thus we see different strategies depending on the professional situation, the level of education, the position in relation to the hospital. With the growing medicalization of our society, the « duty to reproduce » is carried out on a stage in which gender relations, the relationship to work and the link to the medical institution are all factors to be considered.

This paper presents the preliminary results of a qualitative survey on the implementation of quotas policies, in the context of higher education and research in France, in the field of computer science specifically. Beyond the theoretical controversy over quotas, it is a question of diving into the heart of an environment that we can describe as specific (and of which we will draw some of the specificities), to collect the experience, the words of women, who are computer scientists in the academic environment, in relation to quotas. The main idea is to question the quotas implementation in order to study in which sense these quotas can indeed lead to more professional equality, but also to study the context in which they can slow down this professional equality.