Suchergebnisse

AbstractAfter the Second World War, the population policies of the socialist countries were not free from the dilemma of natalist/anti-natalist policies. This essay focuses on the Hungarian population policy discourses of the Kádár era and the present day, with some references to Central European specificities. The fear of the disappearance of Hungarians has been present in Hungarian intellectual discourse for several centuries, and by the twentieth century, it had become a fundamental idea that reached society as a whole. Given the growing interest (not independently of contemporary trends) in the international sociological literature not only in the transformation of biopolitics in recent decades but also in the historical antecedents of earlier periods, I believe that it may be interesting to examine the fear of national death in both a Hungarian and a Central European context.

The aim of this paper is to describe power relations, doctor-patient relationships among themany ongoing changes in health care from sociological point of view. This paper is based oninterviews with 17 people who work in various fields of health care. To conduct the interviews aswell as to write the paper, a number of concepts and theoretical approaches were resorted to:Dominique Memmi's 'delegated biopower', Eve Bureau and Judith Hermann-Mesfen's notion of'contemporary patient', François Dubet's concept of institutional programme as well as results ofHungarian health sociology. The main focuses of interest of the paper are role models in healthcare, the characteristics and consequences of new doctor-patient relations, their manifestationsin Hungary as well as potentials of defencelessness and autonomy in Hungarian health care.

A Szolidaritás a késő modernitásban című kutatásunk a magyar társadalom szolidaritásállapotát kívánja feltárni. A több terepen futó kutatás központi kérdése: hogyan jelentkezik az intézményi szolidaritás visszavonulásából és elégtelenségéből is következő szolidaritás válsága a hétköznapokban, milyen alternatív megoldások jelennek meg a társadalomban. A kutatás egyik "terepe" a kisgyermekes anyák szolidaritáslehetőségeire koncentrál az intézményes szolidaritás vonatkozásában. Jelen tanulmányban a terhesség, a szülés, az újszülöttgondozás, a szoptatás, a kisgyermekek ápolása, gondozása és nevelése témakörben vizsgáltam, hogy milyen helyzetekben, mely szereplők között jelenik meg a szolidaritás, hogyan csúsznak el egymás mellett a szándékok és az elvárások, milyen nem szándékolt következményekkel járnak a bizonytalan szolidaritáshelyzetek, megjelennek-e az új társadalmi kontextusban új szolidaritási rezsimek.

AbstractNatural waters, water droplets in the air at coastal regions and wastewaters usually contain chloride ions (Cl-) in relatively high concentrations in the milimolar range. In the reactions of highly oxidizing radicals (e.g.,•OH,•NO3, or SO4•-) in the nature or during wastewater treatment in advanced oxidation processes the chloride ions easily transform to chlorine containing radicals, such as Cl•, Cl2•-, and ClO•. This transformation basically affects the degradation of organic molecules. In this review about 400 rate constants of the dichloride radical anion (Cl2•-) with about 300 organic molecules is discussed together with the reaction mechanisms. The reactions with phenols, anilines, sulfur compounds (with sulfur atom in lower oxidation state), and molecules with conjugated electron systems are suggested to take place with electron transfer mechanism. The rate constant is high (107–109M-1s-1) when the reduction potential the one-electron oxidized species/molecule couple is well below that of the Cl2•-/2Cl-couple.

AbstractRate constants of chlorine atom (Cl•) reactions (kCl•) determined using a large variation of experimental methods, including transient measurements, steady-state and computation techniques, were collected from the literature and were discussed together with the reaction mechanisms. The kCl• values are generally in the 108–109 mol−1 dm3 s−1 range when the basic reaction between the Cl• and the target molecule is H-atom abstraction. When Cl• addition to double bonds dominates the interaction, the kCl• values are in the 1 × 109–2 × 1010 mol−1 dm3 s−1 range. In the kCl• = 1 × 1010–4 × 1010 mol−1 dm3 s−1 range, single-electron-transfer reactions may also contribute to the mechanism. The Cl• reactions with organic molecules in many respects are similar to those of •OH, albeit Cl• seems to be less selective as •OH. However, there is an important difference, as opposed to Cl• in the case of •OH single-electron-transfer reactions have minor importance. The uncertainty of Cl• rate constant determinations is much higher than those of •OH. Since Cl• reactions play very important role in the emerging UV/chlorine water purification technology, some standardization of the rate constant measuring techniques and more kCl• measurements are recommended.