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Intro -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- Introduction: Working Time, Family and Wellbeing -- 1 Dimensions of Working Time -- 2 Family and Family Well-Being -- 3 The Contents of This Book -- References -- Paid and Non-paid Work in Families -- Work, Time and Family: Is It Possible to Identify European Family Working Time Regimes? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Family Working Time Regimes in the European Union -- 3 Stabilization of the Dual-Earning Couple Family Model -- 3.1 Family Employment Patterns in Europe -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- The Division of Labour Within Households: Men's Increased Participation? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Explanations for DDL -- 2.1 The Time Constraints Approach -- 2.2 The Resource Bargaining Approach -- 2.3 Summary -- 3 Social Class and DDL -- 4 Gender Convergence or a Stalled Revolution in Domestic Work? -- 5 The Relevance of Institutional Context for DLL -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Lone-Parent Families in Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lone-Parent Families in the EU -- 3 The Risk of Poverty: The Heterogeneity of Lone-Parent Families -- 4 Lone-Parent Families' Employment Status -- 4.1 Poorly Educated Lone Parents Are the Least Likely to Be Employed -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Emerging Topics: Richer or Poorer Family Life? -- Patterns of Working Time and Work Hour Fit in Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Flexibilisation of Working Times -- 2.1 Institutional Anchors -- 3 The Dimensions of Working Time: Individual Costs and Benefits? -- 3.1 The Duration of Working Time -- 3.2 The Timing of Work Hours -- 3.3 The Tempo of Work -- 3.4 Working Time Autonomy -- 4 Working Time Flexibility and Work-Life Balance -- 5 Work-Time Dimensions and Work-Life Balance in Europe -- 5.1 How Are Working Time Dimensions Associated with Work-Life Balance? -- 6 Conclusions -- References.

Time should be understood in relation to others, not as a private matter. Therefore time, including its use and experience, is subject to negotiations, power relations and inequality. This article utilises the concept of the household economy and the household money management systems model to explore couples' practices in relation to time. The research questions are: what time management systems can be identified, and how are couples differentiated? The study uses interview data from 22 heterosexual couples (44 individuals) interviewed in 2016 in different parts of Finland. The analysis identifies four types of time management system: (a) a female-managed system, (b) a male-managed system, (c) a pooling system, and (d) an independent management system. The study contributes to existing research on time and the family by identifying couples' time management systems and social aspects of time.

Self-employment has been promoted as a path to gainful employment in Finland and elsewhere. But recently there has been increasing concern in Finland about the position of those who are selfemployed, particularly the solo self-employed, who are often insecure, especially in terms of their financial situation. This study discusses the dualisation of labour markets and the intrinsic dimension of financial security among those who are solo self-employed. Using survey data on solo selfemployment in Finland, the study finds that financial insecurity is particularly experienced by solo self-employed people who start a business because of a lack of other employment opportunities.

Katsausartikkelin aiheena on työ talouskasvua tavoittelemattomassa yhteiskunnassa, ja siinä selvitetään, kuinka työtä kuvataan aiemmissa talouskasvuun kriittisesti suhtautuvissa post-growth- ja degrowth-ajattelua hyödyntävissä tutkimuksissa. Tutkimusmenetelmä on integroiva kirjallisuuskatsaus. Aineisto koostuu neljästätoista työtä käsittelevästä sekä post-growth- tai degrowth-ajattelua hyödyntävästä vertaisarvioidusta tieteellisestä julkaisusta, jotka on julkaistu vuosina 2018–2021. Tulosten perusteella aiemmasta tutkimuksesta voidaan hahmottaa kolmenlaisia työn kuvauksia. Kuvaukset keskittyvät työn piirteisiin ja merkityksiin talouskasvua tavoittelemattomassa yhteiskunnassa sekä seikkoihin, joiden tulisi muuttua työelämän rakenteissa ja arvoissa, jotta talouskasvun tavoittelusta luopuminen olisi mahdollista. Tutkimuksen keskeinen johtopäätös on, että post-growth- ja degrowth-ajattelua hyödyntävissä tutkimuksissa luodaan positiivista kuvaa työelämän kehitysmahdollisuuksista sekä yksilön että yhteiskunnan näkökulmasta. Talouskasvua tavoittelemattoman yhteiskunnan työtä kuvataan merkitykselliseksi ja hyvinvointia lisääväksi, mutta samanaikaisesti myös ekologisesti ja sosiaalisesti kestäväksi. Post-growth- ja degrowth-tutkimuksessa ilmeneviä työnkuvauksia voidaan näin ollen pitää eräänlaisina työn utopioina eli kuvauksina paremmasta mahdollisesta työelämästä. Tämä on merkittävää, sillä yhteiskunnallisten utopioiden kuvittelun on esitetty hiipuneen.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to ask: what are the temporal realities of female knowledge workers? It especially focusses on women's possibilities of using working-time autonomy, and the work and non-work practices that shape their possibility to use work-hour autonomy. In knowledge work, working-time autonomy is usually high, but exercising autonomy is not always possible. The study was carried out in Finland, where full-time work is common also among women, even if they have small children.Design/methodology/approachThe data include 19 semi-structured interviews of women who have knowledge-intensive work. The method of analysis is problem-driven content analysis.FindingsFemale knowledge workers intertwine several temporal realities. The utilisation of working-time autonomy is restricted by unpredictability, continuous interruptions, hurriedness and ineffective work practices. The temporal realities of family life, such as taking children to the daycare or school, other everyday routines and a spouse's working-time autonomy have an effect on women's possibilities to use working-time autonomy. The line between work and non-work blurs.Originality/valueThis study sheds light on working-time autonomy among female knowledge workers. It adds an understanding to the temporal realities of work and outside work that influence the use of work-hour autonomy. This information is needed to understand time demands arising from work, which play a role in work-family research in particular.

The industrial working-time regime is dissolving—not dramatically, but rather as a trend. A new trend is that those in dynamic sectors and in a good labor market position work long hours: Demanding knowledge work appears to require the marginalization of private life. This study investigates the family situation of knowledge workers, the concentration of knowledge workers into family, working time, and use of time in different family types. The analysis is based on the Finnish Use of Time data (1999-2000) using family(spouse)-level data. Compared with other categories of employment, the results suggest only minor quantitative differences between knowledge worker families in working time and use of time. However, the results show that qualitative experience of time varied across families. Knowledge work families especially experienced feelings of hurriedness and time famine.

Change in the policy and ideology governing social and health care has been much debated in the Western welfare states, including in Finland, where the public sector has witnessed a shift towards a market and managerial ideology in a climate of austerity. These changes affect organisations as well as individual workers. Social workers implement social policies in their daily work, and are thus positioned in between policies and clients. This may expose them to feelings of unease in the implementation of certain policies. In this study, we apply the policy alienation framework of Tummers and colleagues (2009. "Policy Alienation of Public Professionals: Application in a new Public Management Context." Public Management Review 11 (5): 685–706) in analysing the responses of social workers to a major social and health care reform prepared in Finland in 2015–2019. By applying problem-driven content analysis to interview data, we study how social workers responded to the proposals for reform, and how the two dimensions of policy alienation, i.e. experiences of meaninglessness and powerlessness, were manifested. The findings suggest that policy alienation is widespread among social workers and that experiences of powerlessness and meaninglessness are common. The social workers experienced powerlessness in relation to specific policies and practices. They also viewed the reform as meaningless, as it lacked socially relevant goals. ; peerReviewed

Part I. Studying digital transformation in care of older people -- Introduction / Helena Hirvonen, Mia Tammelin, Eveline J.M. Wouters and Riitta Hänninen -- Healthcare and technology: the multi-level perspective. theories, models and frameworks / Eveline J.M. Wouters -- Part II. Digital agency of older people -- The ageing entrepreneur: co-opting older adults into the siliconisation of care / Virpi Timonen and Luciana Lolich -- 'Bridging' and 'fixing' endangered social rights in the digitalising welfare state: the ambiguous role of third-sector organisations in supporting marginalised older migrants in Finland / Ulla Buchert and Sirpa Wrede -- Ageism in applying digital technology in healthcare: implications for adoption and actual use / Ittay Mannheim, Yvonne van Zaalen and Eveline J.M. Wouters -- Part III. Digital agency in care work -- Temporalities of digital eldercare / Annette Kamp -- New choreographies of care: understanding the digital transformation of body work in care for older people / Agnete Meldgaard Hansen and Sidsel Lond Grosen -- Sense of belonging in a digitalised care work community / Mia Tammelin, Riitta Hänninen, Helena Hirvonen and Antti Hämäläinen -- Sealing the deal? Irish caregivers' experiences of paro, the social robot / John Pender and Perry Share -- Digital skills and application use among Finnish home care workers in the elder care sector / Tomi Oinas, Eero Rantala, Joonas Karhinen and Sakari Taipale.

This chapter uses the theoretical framework of sense of belonging to explore how eldercare workers from Finnish service housing units for older people describe the use of digital devices and applications in their work and the work practices that relate to their sense of belonging. The study is based on interview data (n = 25) that was collected in 2018 for a study on digitalisation of eldercare. The chapter asks: what does a sense of belonging mean for care workers' agency in a digital era? The analysis concentrates especially on the practices of belonging and how they are enacted in a digitalised work environment. The chapter proposes that in the digital era, a sense of belonging is particularly fluid and dynamic, and that it is constructed in the daily practices of work.

PurposeThis article aims to study digital competence (DC) in media work.Design/methodology/approachThe authors utilize frame analysis to investigate how DC is framed in media work using 30 semi-structured interviews as data with journalists in Finland.FindingsThe authors identify three main frames of DC in the context of media work. The individual attitude frame emphasizes employees' attitudes toward DC, the team-level support frame underlines the need for support in the work community and the organizational-level practice frame highlights enablers of and organizations' requirements for digital competence.Practical implicationsFirst, media workers' DC is necessary to enhance work efficiency and accomplish tasks and may be supported with supportive management practices. Second, the findings suggest that DC should be understood and analyzed as a multi-level issue. Third, the findings suggest that appropriate continuing education and study opportunities were needed. Besides formal arrangements for learning, informal contexts of learning are important.Originality/valueThe article contributes to media studies and studies on the digitalization of work by taking account of the organizational, team and individual levels in discussing digital competence in the news media sector.

Purpose
Despite the pressure on work-family polices arising from the increase in nonstandard working times in various sectors, only a few studies have addressed management practices in 24/7 workplaces. This paper aims to investigate the challenges Finnish managers face in meeting the various tensions stemming from nonstandard working hours and services operating 24/7. Two typical 24/7 work contexts are focused: the hospitality and retail industries and flexibly scheduled early childhood education and care (ECEC) services. The emphasis is on management practices relating to the planning of work shifts and children's care schedules.


Design/methodology/approach
Study 1 comprises focus group interviews with middle managers (N = 20) working in hotels, stores and service stations with restaurants and shopping facilities. Study 2 uses survey data on directors (N = 20) of centers offering flexibly scheduled ECEC services.


Findings
The results showed that management in 24/7 workplaces raises issues of fairness and social responsibility. Managers in both sectors were faced with constantly varying service demands, leading further to changes and unpredictability in employee working times. Alongside organizational goals, the business managers reported needing to consider employee needs and the ECEC service directors the well-being of parents and children. They also reported seeking the most cost-effective way to deliver services at a time of budget cuts.


Research limitations/implications
The relatively small sample sizes and non-representative nature of the data restrict the generalizability of the results.


Practical implications
Service organizations need to design a 24/7 strategy that includes organizational communication and guidelines on fair work scheduling. Key issues in management are finding ways to enhance predictability within unpredictability, discussing the most common ethical problems and developing the skills needed to manage diversity. These are elements that should be included in management training.


Originality/value
The study contributes to the literature by focusing on seldom studied issues and innovately approached by comparing two work sectors.

The organization of times and places of work are key elements of working conditions, and define employees' possibilities for balancing work and other life spheres. This study analyses several aspects of temporal and spatial flexibility, and their associations with employees' work-life balance. This study separates four dimensions of temporal flexibility and one indicator of spatial flexibility. The dimensions of temporal flexibility are the number of hours worked, when the hours are worked, work-time intensity, and the degree of working-time autonomy. The workplace flexibility indicator is an index of work locations. Work-life balance is analysed with work-hour fit. The analyses were based on the fifth wave of the European Working Conditions Survey collected in 2010. We used data from 25 Member States of the European Union ( n = 25,417). Based on the hierarchical cluster analysis, this study found various types of flexibility regimes in Europe. Country clusters show a clear effect on perceived work-life balance even after controlling for flexibility measurements at the individual level. This study contributes to the existing research in analysing several dimensions of temporal and spatial flexibility at the same time, as well as their associations to work-life balance. ; peerReviewed

Digital technologies shape our embodied lives and affect our knowledge of the self and the world. The introductory chapter of the book presents the state of the art in the research on digitalisation of health and social care work, with a focus on care for older people. In ageing societies, understanding what it takes to introduce and use digital technologies can pave the way to a successful, sustainable, and equally accessible system of social care and healthcare provision for older people. The chapter discusses some of the limitations in the present discussion and how the book at hand aims to address these gaps. The chapter proposes that living in an increasingly digitalised world requires digital agency, that is the individual's ability to control and adapt to their surroundings, and to critically address technological determinism in the everyday life. The chapter ends with an overview of the book's subsequent chapters that demonstrate different aspects to service users' and care workers' digital agency based on recent studies of digital technologies in care for older people.

Part I. Studying digital transformation in care of older people -- Introduction / Helena Hirvonen, Mia Tammelin, Eveline J.M. Wouters and Riitta Hänninen -- Healthcare and technology: the multi-level perspective. theories, models and frameworks / Eveline J.M. Wouters -- Part II. Digital agency of older people -- The ageing entrepreneur: co-opting older adults into the siliconisation of care / Virpi Timonen and Luciana Lolich -- 'Bridging' and 'fixing' endangered social rights in the digitalising welfare state: the ambiguous role of third-sector organisations in supporting marginalised older migrants in Finland / Ulla Buchert and Sirpa Wrede -- Ageism in applying digital technology in healthcare: implications for adoption and actual use / Ittay Mannheim, Yvonne van Zaalen and Eveline J.M. Wouters -- Part III. Digital agency in care work -- Temporalities of digital eldercare / Annette Kamp -- New choreographies of care: understanding the digital transformation of body work in care for older people / Agnete Meldgaard Hansen and Sidsel Lond Grosen -- Sense of belonging in a digitalised care work community / Mia Tammelin, Riitta Hänninen, Helena Hirvonen and Antti Hämäläinen -- Sealing the deal? Irish caregivers' experiences of paro, the social robot / John Pender and Perry Share -- Digital skills and application use among Finnish home care workers in the elder care sector / Tomi Oinas, Eero Rantala, Joonas Karhinen and Sakari Taipale.