Suchergebnisse

This paper attempts to analyze the impact road infrastructure may have on the level and degree of grain market integration on selected Ethiopian markets. Using wholesale price series of six markets and based on monthly data from January 1996 to December 2005, which is disaggregated in the pre and post construction periods, one of the major staple food crops of the country, white wheat is analyzed. The other two major crops, teff and maize were also considered in the descriptive analysis. A threshold autoregressive (TAR) Model in the form of Error Correction Model is used to evaluate the level of integration and speed of adjustment towards equilibrium. The findings of the paper show that there is enough evidence to conclude that the deficit areas are isolated from Addis while the surplus areas were found to be well integrated in both periods. Some of the markets under consideration are found to be inefficient as smaller deviations than the threshold level from the long term equilibrium tend to be cleared (arbitraged) away; the results also show that the markets under consideration, could be clustered in to three market groups, that is the surplus areas including Addis, in one group and the two deficit areas each in other groups independently, isolated from Addis. The findings imply that any agricultural grain marketing policy should realize and be aimed at these three segregated groups, separately. The results suggest that geographic differences and distance are important factors affecting spatial markets integration between Addis and the regional markets. The results also propose, the requirement of government intervention mechanisms, such as availability of information (access to local media and telecommunications facilities), as key factors to improve spatial market integration between the markets. Moreover, as construction of roads alone hasn't as such improved and produced a significant impact on the level of market integration, the results indicate the need for a coordinated effort of the other market enhancing instruments; market information and institutions and put forward a system of commodity exchange as a mechanism that can incorporate these instruments. Key words: Market integration, threshold level, Monte Carlo simulations, wheat, and construction of roads.

The COVID-19 pandemic is beginning to disrupt food value chains in Ethiopia and elsewhere, impacting the livelihoods of farmers and the diets of rural and urban households. These effects are likely to hit the poorest and most vulnerable farmers and consumers the hardest, but they are not yet well understood. More evidence is needed to guide the government and other organizations in devising responses. While not representative of the whole value chain, our interviews with vegetable production stakeholders have a number of potential policy implications. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI4; ESSP; CRP2 ; DSGD; PIM ; CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)

In response to a challenge from members of the Carbon Pricing Panel for the world to expand carbon pricing to cover 25 percent of global emissions by 2020, Ethiopia commissioned a carbon pricing study to obtain recommendations on the role and possible forms of carbon pricing policies in Ethiopia. The study summarized in this report is a collaborative effort by the Government of Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI), and the World Bank to better understand the potential benefits and costs for Ethiopia with use of carbon pricing to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The study also investigates distributional impacts of carbon pricing and measures that can help address unwanted distributional impacts. The specific aims include supporting the Government of Ethiopia (GoE) in identifying policy actions, including carbon pricing, to achieve its GHG emission reduction targets; facilitating a dialogue among Ethiopian stakeholders on related policy instruments; and building analytical and technical capacity for GoE's future policy planning. Lessons from this analysis may also be useful for other low-income countries.

This study uses a computable general equilibrium model to analyze various policy scenarios for a carbon tax on greenhouse gas emissions from petroleum fuels and kerosene in Ethiopia. The carbon tax starts at $5 per ton of carbon dioxide in 2018 and rises to $30 per ton in 2030. Different scenarios examine the impacts with revenue recycling through a uniform sales tax reduction, reduction of labor income tax, reduction of business income tax, direct transfer back to households, and use by the government to reduce debt. Because petroleum fuels and kerosene are a relatively small part of the Ethiopian economy, the carbon tax has quite small impacts on overall economic activity while having a notable proportionate impact on greenhouse gas emissions from these energy sources, depending on the recycling scenario. The carbon tax can raise significant revenue -- up to $800 million per year by 2030. The impacts on the poor through increased cost of living are not that large, since the share of the poor in total use of petroleum fuels and kerosene is small. In terms of income effects through employment changes, urban households tend to experience more impacts than rural households, but the results also depend on the household skill level and the revenue recycling scenario.