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1. Introduction -- 1.1. General Remarks -- 1.2. Difficulties of Some Reaction Theories -- 2. Reformulation of the Schrödinger Equation -- 3. Discussion of the Basis Wave Functions for Nuclear Systems -- 3.1. General Remarks -- 3.2. Qualitative Discussion of Cluster Correlations -- 3.3. Construction of Oscillator Cluster Wave Functions -- 3.4. Discussion of 8Be as an Illustrative Example -- 3.5. Effects of Antisymmetrization -- 3.6. Applications of Oscillator Cluster Representations to a Qualitative Description of Low-Lying Levels in Light Nuclei -- 3.7. Construction of Generalized Cluster Wave Functions -- 4. Formulation of a Unified Microscopic Nuclear Structure and Reaction Theory -- 4.1. General Remarks -- 4.2. Specific Examples -- 4.3. Extension to General Systems -- 5. Bound-State Calculations -- 5.1. General Remarks -- 5.2. Calculation of Matrix Elements -- 5.3. Ground and Low Excited States of 6Li -- 5.4. Low-Energy T = 0 States of 12C -- 5.5. Low-Lying Levels of 7Be -- 5.6. Concluding Remarks -- 6. Further Comments About the Pauli Principle -- 6.1. General Remarks -- 6.2. Cluster Overlapping and Pauli Principle -- 6.3. Energetical Favouring of a Cluster Inside a Large Nucleus -- 7. Scattering and Reaction Calculations -- 7.1. General Remarks -- 7.2. Derivation of Coupled Equations -- 7.3. Quantitative Results -- 7.4. Concluding Remarks -- 8. Introductory Considerations About the Derivation of General Nuclear Properties -- 8.1. General Remarks -- 8.2. Introduction of Effective Hamiltonians -- 8.3. Elimination of Linear Dependencies -- 8.4. Concluding Remarks -- 9. Breit-Wigner Resonance Formulae -- 9.1. General Remarks -- 9.2. Single-Level Resonance Formula for Pure Elastic-Scattering -- 9.3. Many-Level Resonance Formula for Pure Elastic-Scattering -- 9.4. Single-Level Resonance Formula Including Inelastic and Rearrangement Processes -- 9.5. Mutual Influence of Resonance Levels in Inelastic and Rearrangement Processes -- 9.6. Behaviour of the Partial Level Width Near a Threshold and Energy-Dependent Width Approximation -- 10. Resonance Reactions and Isobaric-Spin Mixing -- 10.1. General Remarks -- 10.2. Isobaric-Spin Mixing in the Compound Region -- 10.3. Isobaric-Spin Mixing in the Incoming Channel -- 11. Optical-Model Potentials for Composite Particles -- 11.1. General Remarks -- 11.2. Optical-Model Description of Elastic-Scattering Processes -- 11.3. Specific Examples -- 11.4. Features of Effective Local Potentials between Nuclei -- 12. Direct Reactions -- 12.1. General Remarks -- 12.2. Derivation of the General Formulae -- 12.3. Specific Examples -- 12.4. Influence of the Pauli Principle on Direct-Reactions -- 12.5. Concluding Remarks -- 13. Some Considerations About Heavy-Ion Transfer Reactions -- 13.1. General Remarks -- 13.2. Specific Examples to Study the Influence of Antisymmetrization -- 13.3. Further Discussion of the Odd-Even Feature in the Effective Potential between Nuclei -- 13.4. Concluding Remarks -- 14. Collective States -- 14.1. General Remarks -- 14.2. Rotational States of Even-Even Nuclei with K = 0 -- 14.3. Generalization of Rotational Wave Functions -- 14.4. Energetical Preference of Rotational Configurations -- 14.5. Electromagnetic Transitions between Rotational Levels -- 14.6. Relationship with other Descriptions of Nuclear Rotational States -- 14.7. Construction of Intrinsic Wave Functions for Quantitative Studies of Collective States in Medium-Heavy and Heavy Nuclei -- 14.8. Specific Examples -- 14.9. Concluding Remarks -- 15. Brief Discussion of Time-Dependent Problems -- 15.1. General Remarks -- 15.2. Connection between the Lifetime of a Compound State and Its Level Width -- 15.3. Time-Dependent Projection Equation with Time-Dependent Interaction -- 16. Qualitative Considerations of Some Nuclear Problems -- 16.1. General Remarks -- 16.2. Coulomb-Energy Effects in Mirror Levels -- 16.3. Reduced Widths and ?-Transition Probabilities -- 16.4. Level Spectra of Neighbouring Nuclei -- 16.5. Optical Resonances in Nuclear Reactions -- 17. Nuclear Fission -- 17.1. General Remarks -- 17.2. Substructure Effects in Fission Processes -- 17.3. Mass Distribution of Fission Fragments -- 17.4. Deformation Energy of Fissioning Nucleus -- 18. Conclusion -- Appendix A — Cluster Hamiltonians and Jacobi Coordinates -- Appendix B — Designation of Oscillator States -- Appendix C — Demonstration of the Projection Technique -- Appendix D — Connection with Conventional Direct-Reaction Theory -- References.

Cover -- Half Tile -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- 1: INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Power Generation -- 1.2 Classification of Radwaste -- 1.3 Sources of Radwaste -- 1.4 Mixed Wastes -- 1.5 Environmental Restoration -- 1.6 Waste Management Activities and Responsibilities -- 1.7 Regulation of Activities and Regulatory Agencies -- 1.8 Legislative Involvement -- References -- 2: RADIATION SOURCES, EXPOSURE, AND HEALTH EFFECTS -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Basic Radiation Science -- 2.3 Radiation Doses -- 2.4 Health Effects -- 2.5 Historical Radiation Protection -- 2.6 Computer Codes -- 2.7 Discussion Questions and Problems -- References -- 3: SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Spent Nuclear Fuel Storage -- 3.3 Dry Cask Storage of Spent Fuel at Reactors -- 3.4 Legislative and Regulatory Requirements Concerning Spent Nuclear Fuel -- 3.5 Federal Interim Storage and Monitored Retrievable Storage -- 3.6 Spent Fuel Packaging for Disposal -- 3.7 Transportation of Spent Fuel -- 3.8 Cooperative Demonstration Programs for Dry Storage -- 3.9 Experimental Programs for Storage Systems -- 3.10 Economic Evaluation of Spent Fuel Management Systems -- 3.11 Computer Codes -- 3.12 Discussion Questions and Problems -- References -- 4: HIGH-LEVEL WASTE MANAGEMENT -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fuel Reprocessing Methodology -- 4.3 Treatment of High-Level Waste -- 4.4 Packaging of High-Level Waste -- 4.5 Transporting High-Level Waste -- 4.6 Computer Codes -- 4.7 Discussion Questions and Problems -- References -- 5: DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL AND HIGH-LEVEL WASTE -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Spent Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Waste Disposal Methods -- 5.3 Major Development Programs in the United States -- 5.4 Development Programs in Other Countries -- 5.5 Experimental Programs for Disposal Systems

2017-2018 > Academic research: refereed > Publication in refereed journal ; 201808 bcrc ; Version of Record ; Published

Whilst the widespread adoption of electric vans is necessary to improve urban air quality and reduce carbon emissions, it is also self-evident that adequate charging stations are a precondition. However, the investment case for basic charging stations without public subsidies is challenging. In the context of a London case study, four business models are compared, which integrate solar power generation and new/second-life battery storage system with the basic charging facilities. Considering the uncertainties of electricity tariff and solar generation, the optimal infrastructure investment and operational planning has been formulated as a two-stage stochastic optimization model. The results show that: (i) in the integrated business models, the return on investment and charger installations could be increased by up to 5.39% and 17.06% respectively, and the carbon intensity could be reduced by up to 8.13%; (ii) the nondiscriminatory grant annualized as 50 £ is not sufficient, and a differentiated government subsidy policy may be more conducive to achieving a positive return on investment, such as 50 £ for fast chargers and 100 £ for rapid chargers; (iii) in the integrated business models, fast chargers undertake more vehicle-to-grid electricity exchange with the pattern adoption rate increased by up to 52.38%, while rapid chargers mainly ensure the timely charging completion with the usage frequency increased by up to 2.82%.

This is the final version of the article. Available from Frontiers Media via the DOI in this record. ; The release of toxic atmospheric pollutants since the Industrial Revolution is a major global challenge, driving climate change and damaging human health. Spatial health inequalities highlight the need to explore air pollution in different localities throughout the Anthropocene. Air quality monitoring programmes are spatially and temporally limited. We show how suitable urban sediment archives provide site specific records of long-term particulate matter (PM) releases, in cities and urban landscapes, that are or have been subjected to high pollution levels. High-resolution PM records spanning from the mid-20th century were reconstructed from an urban pond in Chongqing, southwest China, one of the fastest growing Chinese urban centres in the late 20th century. Temporal variations in pollution proxies including geomagnetic, geochemical and spheroidal carbonaceous particle trends correspond to key phases of industrial and urban developments, that are representative of the locality. Observed increases in air pollution proxies post-1960 coincide with the location of military-related industries to Chongqing and industrial intensification. Post-1997 pollution mirrors rapid urbanisation that occurred following the designation of Chongqing as a government-controlled municipality at this time and reveals a steadily increasing pollution trend to present day (2015). In comparison to Chongqing, an atmospheric depositional history was constructed from an urban pond in the Merseyside region of northwest England that has experienced a legacy of contamination since the early 19th century. In northwest England, changing characteristics of pollution are related to the establishment of localised, modern industries, power generation, urban sprawl, increased combustion-derived pollution post-1990 and effective pollution legislations. Whereas a reduction in air pollution has occurred post-2000 in Merseyside, in Chongqing, however, air pollution has continued to increase in spite of national efforts in pollution control. These urban sediments reveal the changing nature of air pollution in different urban landscapes, allowing us to assess air quality impacts of progressive industrial activity, increased road and air travel, urban expansion and the efficacy of pollution controls. It appears that air pollution remains an inevitable consequence of global industrialisation. It is therefore crucial to understand pollution histories in densely populated urban regions to determine environmental burdens of pollution on health over generational timescales. ; This research was supported by Halton Primary Care Trust (grant number CHCRD001 SE02), Edge Hill University (fund codes: RDWOR04, RDWOR05, RDWOR06, and RDWOR209), and the University of Exeter.

Modern urban flood and water management emphasises holistic strategies that reduce flood risk while providing co- benefits to urban economies, societies and environments. The 'Blue‐Green City' concept provides a viable framework for putting this into practice. Ningbo, is a coastal city with high flood risk, whose history as a Chinese 'water town' demonstrates that approaches to water management implicit to the 'Blue‐Green' concept were practiced in ancient times, and lessons can be learned from these applications. Furthermore, recent launch of the 'Sponge City' campaign by China's National Government demonstrates the political will to implement sustainable flood and water management in ways consistent with the 'Blue‐Green' ideals. Selection of Ningbo for a pilot project presents the opportunity to integrate new 'Sponge city' approaches with ancient 'Blue‐Green' principles, within the contexts of both new urban development and retrofit. Reinventing traditional approaches to urban water management and governance offers the possibility of maintaining flood risk at acceptable levels without constraining urban growth in China and other countries experiencing rapid urban development.