Suchergebnisse

Recently, the public discourse on the search for opportunities and sources of development of small territories has been updated. A significant role is assigned to young people involved in various practices of socio-political participation and solving urgent social problems. The aim of the work was to highlight the features of civic participation of young people in small territories, which can and should be considered for effective interaction between authorities and civil society institutions. Empirical data were collected through a questionnaire survey of the youth of the Sverdlovsk region aged 14-35 years, conducted in October 2022 (n = 2500 people). In the study, a subset of young people from small territories (1,091 people) was compared with the youth of a large city (784 people). Descriptive analysis methods and nonparametric tests were used for the analysis. The results showed that young people from small towns and rural settlements show less interest in politics, but at the same time, they are more involved in the problems of local communities, feel more responsible for what is happening in their hometown, compared to the young residents of a large city, and are also more optimistic in assessing their capabilities. Considering similar forms of civic participation, young people from small territories demonstrate greater activity and willingness to do something for their hometown, and its residents; they also have a higher involvement in patriotic actions. The youth of large cities and small territories differ in the ways they participate in voluntary activities, as the latter prefers collective rather than individual forms of participation. The problem of distrust of young people of small towns and rural settlements towards non-profit organizations with a higher level of interpersonal and institutional trust is outlined. The obtained results contribute to the understanding of the problems and possibilities of using the youth resource for the development of small territories.

The article was prepared on the basis of an international comparative study - a sociological survey of students from regional universities from 37 cities in the Sverdlovsk region of the Russian Federation and 20 settlements of the Shirak region in the Republic of Armenia (targeted sample, No. = 715). The authors explore the potential for social participation of students from countries with a common political background of post-socialism and cardinal differences in the cultural and historical heritage of urban spaces. The purpose of this article is to determine the potential for social participation of students of regional universities in Russia and Armenia and the subjective factors that determine their activity in the development of cities. The article analyzes the experience of volunteering, as well as the willingness of students to different types of constructive social participation in urban development. To identify factors that activate the social participation of students, a discriminant analysis has been used. Discriminant models were constructed dividing groups of students from different countries with a high and low degree of readiness for social participation, as well as into groups with and without volunteering experience. The authors argue that Russia and Armenia are characterized by an identical structure of student involvement in volunteer activities, but the level of students' readiness for social participation in urban development in the countries under consideration is different. For Armenian students, not only the willingness for social participation is higher, but also the practices themselves are more associated with active socio-cultural activities in the urban space. Two factors that determine the experience of real participation in the socio-cultural development of cities are characteristic of both Russian and Armenian students. The real experience of volunteering is more likely to be acquired by those students who are motivated to receive information about the culture and history of their cities, as well as the ability to see and identify significant cultural and historical objects where they live and study. In the Russian scenario, the importance of the city, the need for its development increases for students if they, being armed with certain knowledge about its culture and history, consider that the city is an interesting object (including a tourist one) for promotion. For Armenian students, knowledge of the culture and history of their place of birth is a basic factor that shapes their interest in further exploring their cities, the desire to make them better. © 2020 Moscow Polytechnic University. All rights reserved. ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR : 20-011-00471 ; Government Council on Grants, Russian Federation ; The research was supported by RFBR, project № 20-011-00471. The work was supported by the Government of the Russian Federation (№ 02.A03.21.0006).

Реиндустриализация в российской политике рассматривалась как восстановление промышленной базы на новой технологической основе. Этот путь был рассмотрен в качестве нового направления поиска источника экономического роста. Целью данной работы являлось определение степени реиндустриализации региона и влияние различных факторов на нее. Для достижения цели был проведен анализ факторов, влияющих на прирост ВРП, и построена модель влияния этих факторов на реиндустриализацию региона. Полученная модель подтверждает вывод, что самый значительный прирост ВРП получают регионы, ориентированные на постиндустриальные факторы развития. Дальнейший анализ показал, что для всех субъектов Тюменской области в большей степени характерна стратегия наращивания основного капитала как фактора роста ВРП. На этом основании можно отметить, что Тюменская область еще только на пути к экономике знаний. Для того чтобы иметь возможность перейти к постиндустриальной стадии развития, необходимо провести ряд мер, направленных на развитие производственных сил региона, которые позволили бы далее осуществить переход к постиндустриальной (или цифровой) экономике. ; The Russian politics saw the reindustrialization the restoration of the industrial base using new technological means. This path can serve as a new direction in finding a source of economic growth. This article aims to determine the degree of regional reindustrialization and the impact of various factors on it. Achieving this goal required an analysis of the factors influencing the growth of GRP using a model of the impact of these factors on the region's reindustrialization. The obtained model confirms that the most significant increase in GRP happened in the regions focused on post-industrial factors of development. Further analysis shows that all the subjects of the Tyumen Region employ the strategy of increasing fixed capital as a factor of GRP growth. Thus, the authors conclude that the Tyumen Region is still on its way to the knowledge economy. The shift to the post-industrial stage of development requires performing a number of measures aimed at the development of the productive forces of the region, which would allow the further transition to the post-industrial (or digital) economy.

Повышение пенсионного возраста в России, а также пандемия COVID-19 усугубляют проявления эйджизма и актуализируют рассмотрение проблемы дискриминации по возрасту в трудовой сфере. Цель статьи - оценить масштабы распространения возрастной дискриминации на рынке труда Свердловской области и обозначить поведенческие паттерны работодателей по отношению к лицам предпенсионного возраста. Используется микс-методология, включающая количественные (анализ статистики, анкетный опрос, контент-анализ) и качественные методы исследования (глубинные интервью с работодателями). Отмечено, что если в 1990-е гг. возрастная дискриминация была явной и проявлялась вытеснением работников старшего возраста из сферы занятости, то в настоящее время возрастная дискриминация носит скрытых характер и имеет разные проявления. Результаты показывают, что после 45лет успешность трудоустройства резко сокращается, поэтому большинство возрастных работников переходят на стратегию сохранения рабочего места. Но это не защищает от других дискриминационных практик: вытеснение на более простые и менее оплачиваемые позиции, сокращение доли ставки и другие, что ведет к снижению величины средней заработной платы работников 50-55лет примерно на 25 %. Сделан вывод: паттерны поведения работодателей, предполагающие использование дискриминационных практик для максимизации отдачи от человеческого капитала, не меняются, соответственно, риски пенсионной реформы полностью ложатся на работников. Противоречие между эффективностью региональной экономической системы, ориентированной на максимизацию использования имеющихся в регионе человеческих ресурсов, и эффективностью деятельности отдельных организаций пытается сгладить государство, осуществляя защиту трудовых прав и содействие занятости людей предпенсионного возраста. Но реализуемые меры поддержки сосредоточены преимущественно на обучении / переобучении граждан, достигших 50 лет, они не дают достаточного экономического стимула работодателям для пересмотра своего подхода к возрастным сотрудникам. Предложено развитие государственных механизмов побуждения работодателей к изменению своей кадровой политики по отношению к сотрудникам 50+. ; The problem of age discrimination in the labour sector has become even more relevant, as the increase in the retirement age and the COVID-19 pandemic in Russia reinforce ageism. The article aims to assess the incidence of age discrimination in the labour market of the Sverdlovsk Region and examine employers' behaviour towards people nearing retirement. The mixed methodology includes quantitative (analysis of statistics, questionnaire survey, content analysis) and qualitative (in-depth interviews with employers) research methods. While in the 1990s age discrimination was evident and expressed in the exclusion of older workers from the employment sector, now age discrimination is latent and has different manifestations. The results showed that people aged over 45 have less job opportunities in the labour market. Thus, most of them choose to maintain employment. This strategy, however, does not protect against other discriminatory practices such as displacement to less paid positions, reduced pay rate, etc. This situation leads to the decrease in the average wage of workers aged 50-55 by approximately 25 %. We can conclude that employers did not change their behaviour and continue using discriminatory practices to maximise the return on human capital, shifting the risks of pension reform to employees. The government is trying to smooth over the differences between the effectiveness of the regional economic system, focused on maximising the use of regional human resources, and the effectiveness of individual organisations by protecting labour rights and promoting the employment of people nearing retirement. However, the government support measures mainly focus on training or retraining of people aged over 50, while employers lack economic incentives to reconsider their attitude towards older workers. Thus, we recommend developing governmental mechanisms for encouraging employers to change their personnel policy concerning employees aged over 50. ; Авторы статьи благодарят Уполномоченного по правам человека в Свердловской области за возможность принять участие в реализации регионального проекта по мониторингу дискриминации в сфере труда. ; The authors would like to thank the Commissioner for Human Rights in Sverdlovsk Region for the opportunity to participate in the implementation of the regional project of monitoring the labour discrimination.

This paper is devoted to the problem of engaging youth in the formation of sustainable urban environment. A particular focus is on the role of universities as research and educational centres in this process. The problem was analyzed from two perspectives. On the one hand, an analysis was carried out to assess the activity of students as the actors contributing to the formation of urban environment, as well as the level of their involvement in constructive social practices and readiness for social and cultural participation in urban life. On the other hand, specifi c institutional and socio-cultural features of urban environment, which determine the social activity of youth, were investigated. Russia and Poland were selected as the objects of analysis, mainly because these countries share a common socio-cultural, ideological and historical heritage. The research methodology involved a secondary analysis of published data and a survey among Russian and Polish university students. The respondents were selected using the method of targeted sampling and included 465 and 248 respondents from Russia and Poland, respectively. As a result, a number of differences between the countries were identifi ed. In Poland, a shift towards non-formalised social practices and non-institutionalised forms of participation is evident. Russia, however, shows the opposite trend, which involves formalisation and bureaucratization of youth social participation through centralisation of programmes and projects, as well as unifi cation of approaches used to encourage youth activity. Polish youth demonstrates a higher social activity and a higher level of trust in NPOs, as well as orientation towards democratic values. For Russian students, a submissive position with respect to the city authorities as the main subject of urban development was found to be more typical. Although, in general, Russian and Polish students demonstrate similar patterns of participation in urban development, the former are more focused on its collective forms, while the latter are oriented at individualisation. The obtained results provide for a deeper understanding of the nature of youth participation in the socio-cultural development of cities. Our fi ndings can be used in practice for the development of university strategies aimed at promotion of student social engagement. ; Особенности социального участия студентов России и Польши в развитии городов.