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Il volume fornisce una preziosa interpretazione del concetto di sviluppo umano sostenibile, con riferimento all'Agenda 2030 approvata dall'Assemblea delle Nazioni Unite nel 2015, che indicava 17 "obiettivi di sviluppo sostenibile". La novità consiste nell'adozione, come criterio interpretativo dei numerosi fattori alla base di ogni processo di sviluppo economico, cinque dimensioni: Persone, Pianeta, Prosperità, Pace e Partenariato. La classificazione sopra riportata consente di interpretare meglio il significato di un concetto complesso come quello di sviluppo sostenibile, superando la tradizionale dicotomia, presente in letteratura, tra Sviluppo e Crescita. Il volume è arricchito da ampie evidenze empiriche che consentono confronti tra paesi e nel tempo. I dati si riferiscono non solo agli aspetti economici, ma anche a quelli sociali, istituzionali, politici e culturali. Le prime due parti sono dedicate all'analisi teorica di modelli di sviluppo alternativi. La terza parte è dedicata all'analisi delle politiche e degli strumenti per promuovere un processo di sviluppo umano sostenibile, caratterizzato da istituzioni non solo democratiche ma anche inclusive, in cui Persone e Pianeta occupano un posto centrale.

Since the beginning of the 90's inequality, once again, become one of the central issues of the economic debate from different perspectives: theoretical, applied and of policy. Not only increased the attention toward the inequality within countries, but also toward the global one, that is the inequality between countries and between citizens of the world as they belong to a single community. The effects of globalization on inequality are still very controversial. According to some authors international integration has produced not only instability and recurring crises, but also a growing inequality within and between countries. For other authors, instead, inequality and poverty decreased with the globalization. This paper will analyze the issue of global inequality mainly from an empirical standpoint. First of all, however, it will be discussed some issues related to the definition of the phenomenon with reference to the theoretical as well to the normative aspects. The empirical analysis will be undertaken by distinguishing the weight of the inequality between countries from that within countries on global inequality. Changes of synthetic indexes will be calculated, but also the differences in income's distribution in each country will be analyzed. This kind of analysis, innovative with respect to the traditional ones, will allow to observe how the differences in the income's distribution of industrialized and of developing countries can justify phenomena of the global economy such as, for example, migratory flows.

Il volume Società europea analizza i diversi fattori storici, politici, economici e sociali che, nel lungo periodo, hanno caratterizzato la nascita dell'Unione europea, nonché le condizioni che favoriranno la sua futura integrazione. Il volume è ben strutturato, composto da un'Introduzione e da 14 capitoli. Nei primi otto capitoli, di carattere storico-istituzionale, vengono analizzati i temi demografici, la formazione delle città e il suo ruolo storico, il pluralismo religioso, le lingue, le università. I capitoli dal nono al quattordicesimo sono prevalentemente politici e si concentrano su temi quali: Il sistema politico dell'Unione europea, i partiti e i gruppi di pressione nell'Unione, le disuguaglianze tra e all'interno dei Paesi, il Welfare State, le caratteristiche dei diversi sistemi economici, l'integrazione economica e il mercato, la gestione della crisi finanziaria globale. Il risultato dell'integrazione dell'UE dipenderà dai risultati ottenuti finora, tenendo conto della necessità di integrare le diverse identità nazionali.

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I lavori inclusi nel Cambridge Handbook of the Capability Approach sono stati raccolti e curati da tre studiosi molto noti. Enrica Chiappero Martinetti è professore ordinario di politica economica all'Università di Pavia: insegna economia, sviluppo sostenibile ed economia dello sviluppo e della cooperazione a livello universitario e post-universitario. Ha ricoperto la carica di vicepresidente dell'Associazione per lo Sviluppo Umano e le Capacità e attualmente serve tale Associazione come redattrice del "Journal of Human Development and Capabilities".

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The paper is a critical review of Piketty's book "Capital in the XXI Century". The 950 pages of the French original, and the 696 pages of the English translation, are packed with so many topics, insights, comments and observations that affect almost all spheres of economics, that no single review can summarize them. This review will focus mainly on the factors which can explain the trends regarding the concentration of wealth and of personal income distribution. It will also present some features of the theoretical framework and discuss some of the aspects which can be considered weak from an analytical and methodological point of view. Piketty uses simple economic models to investigate how the ratio between the saving rate and the growth rate of the economy determines the capital-output ratio, and consequently the share of capital in the national income. When the rate of returns on capital rises more quickly than the overall economy and taxes on capital remain low, a vicious circle of ever-growing dynastic wealth, and growing inequality takes place. "Capital is back because low growth is back". Using the best available historical data, Piketty shows how the capital-output ratio, the capital share in national income, and the rate of return on capital, has evolved over time. Piketty discusses the changes observed, what the main social and economic forces at work are, why these forces change over time, and what we can predict about how the rate of return on capital will evolve in the twenty-first century. The last chapters discuss some policy proposals. Piketty claims that inequality is the result of policies. Only "good" policies can reverse a trend of rising inequality. It is necessary to introduce alternative policies because the composition of wealth is heterogeneous. Piketty suggests a progressive wealth tax on a global scale, based on the automatic exchange of bank information, not only as "useful utopia", but as a proposal to think about and to discuss. In particular it would be necessary to adopt a progressive taxation on wealth on a worldwide level.

The article analyses the contribution by Ferdinando di Fenizio to the introduction of Keynesian thought into Italy; di Fenizio's work is discussed within the historical context of the economic doctrines prevalent at that time. The comparison shows how the adaptation of Keynes's thought to the Italian environment was a long and laborious process. The article covers the academic and life experience of di Fenizio (1906-1974) during the 1930s and 1940s. It is emphasized that his entry into the Milanese environment, in particular in the Montedison' research department and the editorship of "L'industria", contributed to bringing about what was to be a constant feature of his research activities: close attention to facts, empirical verification, relevance of theory for the analysis and economic policies. His editorship of "L'industria" was central to the diffusion of Keynes's thought from the beginning of the post World War II period, and significantly contributed to the progress of economic studies in Italy, both in terms of research and teaching of economics. In the early post-war years, di Fenizio published many essays which analyzed various aspects of the Keynesian system: overall supply and demand, effective demand, income and employment. Di Fenizio systematically highlighted – in Keynes's work – the elements of continuity up to The General Theory. The paper emphasizes, in particular, that Fenizio identified three eighteenth-century authors as precursors of the Keynesian system as an aggregate and real-monetary integrated system, all significant from the point of view of monetary analysis albeit very heterogeneous: John Law, "the true ancestor of the concept of manipulated money" according to Schumpeter, the mercantilist banker Richard Cantillon, and the physician, physiocratic and "economist" François Quesnay.