Terrorism that occurs both in the world and in Indonesia is a crime that cannot be classified as an ordinary crime, academically categorized as an extraordinary crime. Actions of terrorism in Indonesia can already be classified as a military threat, namely threats that use armed force, are organized and are considered to have capabilities that endanger state sovereignty. The role of The Indonesian National Army task in overcoming these acts of terrorism has not been effective. The research objective is to provide government input on the importance of The Indonesian National Army role in overcoming the threat of terrorism. Research using qualitative methods is aimed at understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the participants. The results achieved were that legally, the military could also be deployed to combat terrorism both from the aspect of domestic law and in the provisions of international law.
Integrated Pest Management Program (IPM) that is strategic operational measure. Inthe micro farm level, IPM operational measure can be answered both capital problem in thefarm level and international commodity coercion on environmental and food safetyconsumption simultaneously. That paper objective to analysis : (1) historical governmentpolicy on IPM related the decentralization of development; (2) performance, constrain, andprospective IPM program in the decentralization era; (3) comparative farming performanceIPM cooperator, inter success farms group and least success farms group; (4) factors thataffected dissemination and adoption IPM technology; (5) synopsis on IPM sustainableinstitution in the decentralization era; and (6) to formulate police IPM sustainabledevelopment alternative supporting small coffee agribusiness in the decentralization era.Rates of participation of the IPM program participants varied among activities, i.e., planning,implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Low participation rate was found in planning,that of implementation was high, while that of monitoring and evaluation was low tomoderate. Program explanation during the planning stage was not properly carried out. Theother weaknesses were management of post harvest, processing, and marketing. After theIPM program average net benefits from coffee bean and additional in-rows plants were toincrease, respectively. Economic factors positively affecting IPM technology adoption were:(1) decreasing costs of inputs (fertilizers and pesticides); (2) improving farmers' incomethrough higher yield and better quality; (3) improving stability and continuity of farmers'income due longer harvest and productive periods, and the products were sold periodically.In the future, development of IPM program for smallholding coffee plantation is based on theclear vision, namely IPM technology for improving rural people welfare. This vision has toreplace the old vision, namely IPM technology is created just to show that the researchers areable to show their ability in developing technology. Therefore, in the future IPM developmenthas to implicate directly to improved competitive economy and rural people welfare.
The structure of defense spending in Indonesia State Budget consists of three types of spending, which are routine expenditure, goods expenditure, and capital expenditure. It shows the changes in consumption expenditure contribution, direct investment expenditure, and indirect investment from the government. According to The Global Competitiveness Report 2016-2017, Indonesia presents a low level of security stability among 138 countries. Due to the terrorism threat, Indonesia is ranked 115 (Global Competitive Index or GCI=4,2) for business cost, at the 102nd ranking (GCI=3,9) for the business cost caused by crime and violence, and 108th ranking (GCI=4,1) for organized crime. This study aims to examine the impact of military expenditure on security stability in Indonesia. The analytical method used in this study is explanatory, it aims to explain the causal relationship between variables and hypothesis testing. This study employs the time series data with per semester data series through 2000-2018. The research model is formulated as a recursive linear model in the form of a Cobb-Douglas production function and analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the Ordinary Least Square method. The result reveals that both military expenditure and security expenditure have impacted simultaneously on security stability. The integration of all components of military expenditure synergistically can increase Security Stability. The components of spending that have a partially significant positive effect on Security Stability are expenditures on goods and capital expenditures.
The fundamental problems in economic development in Indonesia are the low level of welfare, unsustainable economic growth, and the inadequate development process of economic sectors. Defense economics is a branch of science that applies economics to national defense issues. Defense economics as a multidisciplinary study discusses resource allocation, income distribution, economic growth, and political stability as applied to topics related to defense. According to the defense economy, the impact of the use of the defense budget on the economy can be viewed from the demand or consumption and supply or production approaches. From the consumption side, the defense can protect national resources against various threats, so that national consumption becomes stable and even increases. This research uses role theory according to Biddle and Thomas, among others, Expectation, Norm, Performance, and Evaluation. The research objective is to provide government input on the importance of the economic role of defense in economic growth in Indonesia. Research using qualitative methods is aimed at understanding social phenomena from the perspective of the participants. The result that has been achieved is that the defense economy plays a role in improving security stability, so it is recommended that the government pay attention to defense-security spending budgeting, in particular the adequacy of its allocation, priority level, and linkages between other components
