Suchergebnisse

Employed child or working child is known as child labor in literature. The child labor is an important issue for economic analysts, governments and social groups. The awareness of the exploitation of children, in much of the developing world, has brought the issue of child labor to the forefront of debate within governments and social groups. The purpose of this study is to organize the past literature on trade and child labor. Additionally, this paper presents the conceptual and empirical discussion with some recent estimates of the magnitude of the problem. The review of past studies presents the child laborers' effect on an economy as well as the debate on the effectiveness of various policies related to trade and economic growth.

The study explores the dynamic association of financial expansion in curbing inflation and thereby assessing the general economic welfare strategies employing data over 1974-2016 for Pakistan. Econometric sophistication rests in the employment of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bound test of co-integration with short run disequilibrium models. The outcome corroborates that inflation and financial development with other controlled variables are co-integrated. The findings also corroborate that broad money, domestic credit to private sector, government expenses, and personal remittances are crucial indicators of financial development and diversely linked with inflation over the period of analysis. Specifically, broad money and government expenses corroborate a long run impact on inflation conforming to the idea of quantity theory of money neutrality. Likewise, domestic credit has shown noteworthy but low positive drive to inflation in long time of span, albeit domestic credit has insignificantly linked to inflation for the short span of time. These findings inter alia imply for the promotion of sound domestic banking/financial sector for credit market and new strategies for controlling the broad money/government expenses to curb the unintended rampant level of inflation in Pakistan.

Since last decade corporate sustainability has been of great interest to practitioners and researchers, both. Successful implementation of sustainability practices is vital for organizational survival and competitive advantage. Based on institutional theory, this study aims at to enhance understanding regarding the relationship of sustainability practices and corporate performance directly and indirectly through non-financial performance. Data from managerial level employees of manufacturing and services providing organizations of Pakistan was collected through a survey questionnaire. Based on 346 participants' responses we found that sustainability practices (exploration and exploitation) have significant relationship with financial and market performance. The multi-mediation analysis shows that all mediators partially mediate the relationship between sustainability practices and corporate performance. In the context of Pakistan, this study is the first of its kind to validate sustainability practices scale.

Child labor is very severe social obstacle of the world of under develop nations like Pakistan. Still most of the young children are working in different sectors for the livelihood of their homes. This study explore the anticipated regret and moral norm in consumers' intention to select child labor restaurants with the uses of augmenting the theory of planned behavior. Present study carried out in the five districts of south Punjab, Pakistan. There are three hundred questionnaires is filled from the owners of the restaurants from the selected regions. SPSS is used for the analysis of the data and multiple regression is used for testing the hypothesis. The results showed that theory of planned behavior constructs are significantly influence the intention of the child. Many owners took child as a labor because its cheap. While augmenting version of the planned behavior theory also good predictor of the child labor intentions. Government and NGOs take some actions to eliminate the child labor and sent into the schools. ; El trabajo infantil es un obstáculo social muy severo en el mundo de las naciones subdesarrolladas como Pakistán. Aún así, la mayoría de los niños pequeños están trabajando en diferentes sectores para el sustento de sus hogares. Este estudio explora el arrepentimiento anticipado y la norma moral en la intención de los consumidores de seleccionar restaurantes de trabajo infantil con el fin de aumentar la teoría del comportamiento planificado. Estudio actual realizado en los cinco distritos del sur de Punjab, Pakistán. Hay trescientos cuestionarios llenados por los propietarios de los restaurantes de las regiones seleccionadas. SPSS se utiliza para el análisis de los datos y la regresión múltiple se utiliza para probar la hipótesis. Los resultados mostraron que la teoría de los comportamientos planificados influye significativamente en la intención del niño. Muchos dueños tomaron al niño como mano de obra porque es barato. Si bien la versión aumentada de la teoría de la conducta planificada también es un buen predictor de las intenciones del trabajo infantil. El gobierno y las ONG toman algunas medidas para eliminar el trabajo infantil y las envían a las escuelas. ; O trabalho infantil é um obstáculo social muito grave do mundo dos países em desenvolvimento, como o Paquistão. Ainda a maioria das crianças jovens estão trabalhando em diferentes setores para o sustento de suas casas. Este estudo explora o lamento antecipado e a norma moral na intenção dos consumidores de selecionar restaurantes de trabalho infantil com o objetivo de aumentar a teoria do comportamento planejado. Presente estudo realizado nos cinco distritos do sul de Punjab, Paquistão. Existem trezentos questionários preenchidos pelos proprietários dos restaurantes das regiões selecionadas. O SPSS é usado para a análise dos dados e a regressão múltipla é usada para testar a hipótese. Os resultados mostraram que a teoria dos construtos de comportamento planejados influencia significativamente a intenção da criança. Muitos proprietários levaram criança como um trabalho de parto porque é barato. Enquanto aumenta a versão da teoria do comportamento planejado também bom preditor das intenções de trabalho infantil. O governo e as ONGs tomam algumas medidas para eliminar o trabalho infantil e enviá-las para as escolas.

Child labor is very severe social obstacle of the world of under develop nations like Pakistan. Still most of the young children are working in different sectors for the livelihood of their homes. This study explore the anticipated regret and moral norm in consumers' intention to select child labor restaurants with the uses of augmenting the theory of planned behavior. Present study carried out in the five districts of south Punjab, Pakistan. There are three hundred questionnaires is filled from the owners of the restaurants from the selected regions. SPSS is used for the analysis of the data and multiple regression is used for testing the hypothesis. The results showed that theory of planned behavior constructs are significantly influence the intention of the child. Many owners took child as a labor because its cheap. While augmenting version of the planned behavior theory also good predictor of the child labor intentions. Government and NGOs take some actions to eliminate the child labor and sent into the schools.

Pakistan is a developing country and faces the problem of the fiscal deficit since government expenditures are higher than revenues. In this situation the government has to raise loans to cover this deficit and the burden of loans and debt service is increasing significantly. Additionally, most of the budget has gone to service the debt. Under these circumstances, this study is an attempt to find the optimal size of the government and compare it with the actual size of the government. To calculate the optimal threshold level of government spending, the methodology used by Heerden (2008) for Pakistan is adopted. Finally, this study provides a guide for policymakers, either to reduce or increase the size of governme. ; Pakistán es un país en desarrollo y enfrenta el problema del déficit fiscal dado que los gastos del gobierno son más altos que los ingresos. Ante dicha situacion el gobierno tiene que levantar préstamos para cubrir este déficit y la carga de los préstamos y el servicio de la deuda está aumentando significativamente. Adicionalmente la mayor parte del presupuesto se ha ido para el servicio de la deuda. Bajo estas circunstancias, este estudio es un intento de encontrar el tamaño óptimo del gobierno y compararlo con el tamaño real del gobierno. Para calcular el nivel umbral óptimo de gasto gubernamental, se adopta la metodología utilizada por Heerden (2008) para Pakistán. Por último, este estudio proporciona una guía para los responsables de la formulación de políticas, ya sea para reducir o aumentar el tamaño del gobierno. ; O Paquistão é um país em desenvolvimento e enfrenta o problema do déficit fiscal, já que os gastos do governo são mais altos do que as receitas. Nesta situação, o governo tem de contrair empréstimos para cobrir esse déficit, e o ônus dos empréstimos e do serviço da dívida está aumentando significativamente. Além disso, a maior parte do orçamento foi para o serviço da dívida. Sob essas circunstâncias, este estudo é uma tentativa de encontrar o tamanho ideal do governo e compará-lo com o tamanho real do governo. Para calcular o nível ideal de limiar de gastos do governo, a metodologia usada por Heerden (2008) para o Paquistão é adotada. Finalmente, este estudo fornece um guia para os formuladores de políticas, seja para reduzir ou aumentar o tamanho do governo.

Pakistan is a developing country and faces the problem of the fiscal deficit since government expenditures are higher than revenues. In this situation the government has to raise loans to cover this deficit and the burden of loans and debt service is increasing significantly. Additionally, most of the budget has gone to service the debt. Under these circumstances, this study is an attempt to find the optimal size of the government and compare it with the actual size of the government. To calculate the optimal threshold level of government spending, the methodology used by Heerden (2008) for Pakistan is adopted. Finally, this study provides a guide for policymakers, either to reduce or increase the size of governme.