Suchergebnisse

Purpose: This study is designed to investigate the role of microfinance on the economic and social development of people in the rural areas of the Province of Sind Pakistan. This study considers and compares two situations of the respondents: economic and social conditions before and after taking micro loan. Methodology/Sampling: The target population for this study is those people who planned to take microcredit from the banks with the objective to change their lives by investing such funds in their existing business or opening new business. We conducted a survey about their economic well-being before taking microcredit (Feb-July 2013) and then revisited to them after a year and determined their status after taking microcredit. The study considers descriptive as well as statistical analysis such as Chi square, OLS estimation and one sample T test. Findings: The study concludes that there is no change in Economic Conditions of Borrowers after accusation of Micro finance. The microfinance could not improve their Business growth as well. However, in Social Development, there is significant improvement in the Lifestyle of borrowers, whereas, there is no significant improvement in Health and Education needs of Buyers before and after taking of microfinance. The study further concludes that borrowers believe that the Loan Amount provided is not sufficient for their needs and both the repayment schedule and interest rate are not reasonable to facilitate them. Practical Implications: this study provides bases for new dimensions especially for the policymakers and the regulatory bodies that the term structure of Micro credit should be revised as well as the amount of loan should also be sufficient for the borrowers' need.

Traditionally, the term Islamophobia refers to prejudice, racism, and/or securitization which implies that this phenomenon operates at cognitive, cultural, or structural levels. The current researchers anticipate that the term now represents an Islamophobic social order in the West where hatred for Islam and everything related to it appears to be the collective behaviour of the society. This points to a new social reality that goes beyond the psychological problem, now referred to as Islamophobia. Therefore, the researchers have added the prefix "neo" to this term in order to account for Islamophobia's psychosocial nature which manifests itself in discourses and practices. The purpose of this research is to study Islamophobic discourses in the media of two Western societies in order to better understand the nature of Islamophobia in each: the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (USA). It studies leading articles (that is, 446 in toto) from The Independent and The Washington Post between November 2016 and December 2017, using DHA's analytical framework. This study concludes that traditional "Islamophobia" dominates in the UK context, where Islam is perceived as a threat to Europe's symbolic identity and "Neo-Islamophobia" in the US context, where Islam is seen as a threat to the socio-political order. It also proposes a cyclical process of neo-Islamophobia, beginning with problematizing Islam, and progressing to "otherizing," racializing, and finally securitizing Muslims. The researchers, however, recommend similar studies in other contexts too.

The study aims to identify factors which contribute to the prevalence of alcoholism and drug addiction among sexually abused women in an ultra-conservative society. A qualitative research design is used in conjunction with interviews from women and physicians, categories which included both psychiatrists and sexologists, across six districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The phenomena of drug addiction and alcoholism were more pronounced in victims working for the commercial sex sector. The findings suggest Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) as a driving factor of alcoholism and drug abuse, which in turn cascades into secondary and tertiary levels of trauma. Sexual victimization and re-victimization, familial rejection, stigmatisation and social degradation were contributing factors to relentless stress. Drugs in vogue among victims were Valium-two (Diazepam) and Lexotanil that contained Bromazepam. Hashish and alcohol were consumed sparingly by victims, while the use of cocaine and heroin was absent due to severe masculine perceptions and addiction. The study contributes to a better understanding of a socially-excluded, economically-disadvantaged and stigmatised group by taking a pro-feminist stance to advocate for the rights of victims.

This study is aimed to determine the nexus between mutual fund returns and stock market returns in Pakistan. This study adds contribution by testing the causa-effect relation of mutual fund returns and macroeconomic factors on the stock returns in Pakistan. This study is based on Panel data for 10 AMCs operating in Pakistan and macroeconomic factors for the period of 2007 to 2016. The hypothesis testing is based on panel data analysis, therefore the panel regression is applied via PLS, FEM and REM comparison. The study concludes that the there is significant effect of Equity Funds Returns on Stock Return. On the other hand, debt funds return and T-bills have the insignificant impact on Stocks Return. This study recommends influential findings for the policy makers such as equity funds have positive effect on the stock market.

AbstractThis study attempts to examine the association among employees' environmental attitude (EEA), employees' ecological behavior (EEB) and employees' environmental performance (EEP). Moreover, the mediating role of EEB between EEA and EEP is also tested. The contingent effect of managers' environmental commitment (MEC) on the relationship between EEA and EEB is also tested. Data were collected from 317 employees of 65 small and medium size hotels operating in the tourist destinations of Pakistan. Correlation, linear regression and SEM were conducted for the purpose of data analysis. Findings revealed a direct effect of EEA on EEB and EEP. In addition, the results confirm that EEB positively mediates EEA and EEP. Moreover, the findings confirmed that MEC strengthens the relationship between EEA and EEB. The results suggest that small and medium size hotels must pay more attention towards employee regarding their environmental attitude and behavior that ensure the protection of natural environment. Moreover, employees with higher level of motivation due to their knowledge, awareness and concern for environment contribute in a better way for EP.

The paper investigates the influence of official development support on Pakistan GDP per capita making use of time series yearly data from 1991 to 1917. ADF has been used for examining the level of integration of the data. After that, ARDL has been used for discovering the short and long-run relationship of the official development assistance and the GDP per capita. The results uncover that official assistance relationship with GDP per capita became negative in the short run in addition to a long-run period. In similar manner inflation also became negatively significant in the short and long run. Additionally, lag GDP per capita is positively significant. Population growth turned positively significant in the long run. In addition, it has become negatively significant in the short-run period of time. Furthermore, the Error Correction coefficient is –0. 83% and remained significant

This article discusses federalism and deferent theories related to it. Federalism as a theory, as a concept and as an organizational structure refers to the distribution of powers between the two levels of the government. It stands for unity, cooperation, and interdependence between the central government and the component units. Being dynamic in nature, it adopts changes according to the prevailing conditions of the country. An attempt has been made to elucidate federalism from two broad perspectives of the classical approach and Modern approach. The classical approach restricts federalism to cooperation and independence with quasi federalism, coupled with the element of encroachment from the federal government. This approach is merely based upon the doctrine of legal formalism or formalism fallacy. The modern approach focuses on two cardinal principles of cooperation and interdependence. The modern theory is a broad term and encompasses many forms of federalism within its ambit.

Realism is an important theory in International Relations that shapes the politics of the world. The main purpose of realism is to maximize gains and minimize losses. It is a common phenomenon that insecurity the balance of power never remains constant since self-help leads to a condition known as the security dilemma. Realists look at the states from two angles; states either a unitary actor or a hard shell of the black box. Most of the realists view human nature as a cause of war and conflict. They also see the state as negative with self-seeking interests and aggressiveness. Security is the key factor in international politics and is always based upon the power struggle among the nations. Anarchy and hierarchy are the two cardinal principles of realism. The former refers to the structure with no superior authority to dictate the inter-state relations while the latter describes the relations in terms of super-ordination and subordination. The prisoners dilemma provides a different choice for the solution of maximizing gains.

This paper overviews socio-economic factors as determinants of working women earnings in education department of district Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For this purpose, a primary data was collected through a structured questionnaire from 126 working females in September, 2017. Multinomial logistic regression technique has been used for the estimation of results. The main findings of the study are that education, experience, family income, and locality of job area showed positive relationship with working women earnings. However, marital status remained insignificant. Based on the findings of this study the researchers recommended that females are significantly contributing in family expenditures. Therefore, government should invest more in female's education and prioritize it.

This study investigated the impact of Conflict Management on Employee's Performance and implementing the Furlong 'tool box of conflict analyzing model to find out how conflict will be resolved easily , effectively and improve the overall Employee's performance. This study developed the survey research design. 200 respondents were selected of different organizations for the study. Questionnaire was used to collect primary data. Hypothesis was tested through regression analysis. The findings of the research revealed that effective management tools develop the employee's performance in the organization. Furlong tool box of conflict analyzing model provide favorable outcomes in the perspectives of Trust, Behavior, Avoidance and Emotions. The result and outcomes of my research provide a structure and importance of application of Conflict management in cooperation to find out how will minimize the clash between the employees and subordinates for the betterment of the employee's performance. The other organizations can also get benefits of this research.

Objective: This paper is designed to empirically examine the pricing of exchange rate risk in the stock market in Pakistan. Methodology: The study is based on two-factor and multi-factor arbitrage pricing models. The empirical evidences are based on 15 years monthly data from January 1998 to December 2015, for exchange rate, discount rate, inflation, t bill and the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) 100 indexes is collected from State Bank of Pakistan and Karachi Stock Exchange. Results: The results, however, conclude that the exchange rate risk is priced in the stock market. Whereas, the remaining factors such as risk premium attached to foreign currency exposure and the term structure of discount rate appear to have significant effect on exchange rate risk. We can generalize that the exchange market in Pakistan are influenced by the stock market. Policy implication: This paper provides empirical evidence that the risk exposure of exchange rate is largely influenced by the changes in stock market. Therefore, the concerned persons are proposed for the consideration of this issue.