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Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Prelude: Purposes and Plan of the Book -- Abbreviations and Legal Terms -- Chapter 1: What Is a War Crime? -- War and Armed Conflict -- Law and War -- Pre-World War I: Evolution of Contemporary Law -- Document: Geneva Convention -- The Lieber Code and the American Civil War -- Document: The Lieber Code (General Orders No. 100) -- The 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions -- Document: List of 1907 Hague Conventions -- Document: 1907 Hague Convention IV: Annex -- Document: 1907 Hague Convention X -- Naval Warfare -- Document: Manual of the Laws of Naval War -- References -- Chapter 2: World War I: Leipzig -- Document: Report, Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on Enforcement of Penalties -- Document: Treaty of Versailles -- Trials -- Trial Summaries #1: The Dover Castle and the Llandovery Castle -- Document: Dover Castle -- Document: Llandovery Castle -- Superior Orders as a Defense -- References -- Chapter 3: Between World War I and World War II -- The League of Nations -- Document: Covenant of the League of Nations -- Why Did the League Fail? -- The Kellogg-Briand Pact: Regulating the jus ad bellum -- Document: Kellogg-Briand Pact-Treaty between the United States and Other Powers Providing for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy -- What Did Kellogg-Briand Accomplish? -- Extending the Scope of the jus in bello -- Chemical and Biological Weapons -- Document: Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Gas and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare -- Prisoners of War (POWs) -- Document: Convention of July 27, 1929, Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War -- References -- Chapter 4: World War II -- What Caused World War II? -- Germany -- War Crimes -- Nazi Party Organizations -- Trials -- References

Cover -- Voulme 1 -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Genocide and Mass Atrocity: Defining Contexts and Crimes -- Some Preliminary Notes -- The Crime without a Name-The Crime of Crimes -- Identifying Genocide in History: Problems of Definition -- The Origin of the Word: From a Crime without a Name to the "Crime of Crimes" -- Crimes against Humanity and Genocide: Evolution -- The Genocide Convention: The Politics of Definition -- Decisions, Debates, and Dilemmas -- Crimes against Humanity -- Definitions Matter: Some Notes on "Ethnic Cleansing" -- Moving Beyond Legal Definitions -- Chapter 2. Politics, Practice, and Principles: The Framework for International Action -- Politics, Principles, and Definitions -- The Genocide Convention -- Article II -- Article III -- Genocide and Crimes against Humanity -- Perspective -- Principles: Public International Law -- Collective Responsibility versus Individual Criminal Responsibility -- Politics, Principles, and Pragmatism -- Enforcement -- Politics Often Rules -- The United States and the Genocide Convention -- The United Nations: The Politics of Collective Action -- Definitions, Decisions, Resources, and Priorities: Darfur -- Issues in Darfur -- The Politics of Assistance -- Politics and Reality -- Chapter 3. Who Kills and Why? -- A Beginning Note on Perspective -- On Killing: Focus on the Individual -- Personality, Human Nature, Socialization, and Behavior -- Nature versus Nurture -- Socialization and Culture -- The Relevance of Cultural Models -- Classifying the "Other": Ethnicity, Race, and Nation -- Race as a Factor -- Minorities and Discrimination -- From Discrimination to Genocide and Mass Atrocity -- Justification: Psychological Conditioning -- Ordinary People -- Authority, Leadership, and Responsibility

With its multiple power centers and ongoing chronic issues, the post-Cold War world allows space for less powerful states to develop influential roles in responding to specific problems. Norway, for example, has focused its available capabilities and resources on the persistent issue of violent ethno-political conflict. This book explains why Norway chose its peace policy and demonstrates what a far-away country with a small population has been able to achieve as peacemaker and a peacebuilder. As a niche state, Norway has relied on political and economic rather than military strategies. It has also selected its locations for engagement based on assessments of the possibility that Norwegians will be able to assist local people to make progress toward peace. The book provides an analysis of Norway's identity, agency, and domestic policy-making structure, as well as of criticisms that have surfaced within Norway. It includes case studies of peacemaking attempts in Sudan and Sri Lanka and of a peacebuilding project in Macedonia