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This article examines an emerging issue within the field of governance, the intersection of public policy with transgender identity. It is important that administrators better understand this issue given the lack of consistency in the current policy framework. This article addresses transgender identity's intersection with employment law, marriage, hate crimes, and the current legal framework for sex reassignment in the United States. The article also addresses how transgender identity contrasts with gay and lesbian identities with regard to public policy. Given widespread bias against this population, administrators are called to ensure that these individuals receive equal and equitable policy treatment.

This article extends the application of the public service motivation (PSM) construct from differences between volunteers and employees in the public, nonprofit, and private sectors to the phenomenon of political activities that occurs during the public policy process. Based upon regression analysis performed on a sample of undergraduate students enrolled in introductory political science courses at a large public university, PSM appears to affect overall levels of political participation. Additionally, the rational, normative, and affective dimensions of PSM appear to affect specific types of political activity in different manners. This article argues that the PSM construct provides a way to measure individual‐level receptiveness to civic motivators, an important purposive incentive that spurs political participation.Este artículo extiende la aplicación del constructo motivacional por el servicio público a partir de diferencias entre voluntarios y empleados en el público, organizaciones sin fines de lucro y el sector privado al fenómeno de actividades políticas que ocurren durante el proceso de políticas públicas. Basado en un análisis de regresión usado en una muestra de estudiantes de licenciatura inscritos en un curso introductorio de ciencia política en una importante universidad pública, la motivación por el servicio público parece afectar todos los niveles de participación política. Adicionalmente, las dimensiones racionales, normativas y afectivas de la motivación por el servicio público parecen afectar géneros específicos de actividad política de diferentes maneras. Este estudio argumenta que el constructo motivacional por el servicio público proporciona una forma de medir niveles individuales de receptividad hacia motivadores cívicos, un importante incentivo deliberado que estimula la participación política.

Introduction to transgender rights and politics / Jami K. Taylor and Donald P. Haider-Markel -- Framing in the united states and abroad -- Issue framing and transgender politics : an examination of interest group websites and media coverage / Barry L. Tadlock -- Transgender policy in latin american countries : an overview and comparative perspective on framing / Jacob R. Longaker and Donald P. Haider-Markel -- Advocacy and interest groups -- Interest groups and transgender politics : opportunities and challenges / Anthony J. Nownes -- The advocacy coalition framework and transgender inclusion in lgbt rights activism / Jami K. Taylor and Daniel C. Lewis -- The diffusion and implementation of transgender-inclusive nondiscrimination policy -- Transgender-inclusive ordinances in cities : form of government, local politics, and vertical influences / Jami K. Taylor, Barry L. Tadlock, Sarah J. Poggione, and Brian DiSarro -- Is transgender policy different? : policy complexity, policy diffusion, andLGBT nondiscrimination law / Daniel C. Lewis, Jami K. Taylor, Brian DiSarro, and Matthew L. Jacobsmeier -- Executive expansion of transgender rights : electoral incentives to issue or revoke executive orders / Mitchell D. Sellers -- Policy learning, language, and implementation by local governments with transgender-inclusive nondiscrimination policies / Mitchell D. Sellers and Roddrick Colvin -- Beyond nondiscrimination policy -- Key issues in transgender health care policy and practice / Ryan Combs -- Birth certificate amendment laws and morality politics / Jami K. Taylor, Barry L. Tadlock, and Sarah J. Poggione -- Conclusion and future directions in transgender politics and policy / Jami K. Taylor and Donald P. Haider-Markel -- Contributors -- Index

This paper explores an anomaly in gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights policy, laws allowing transsexual individuals to amend their birth certificates. Unlike most other LGBT rights policies, these statutes are often found in Southern and other conservative states. In fact, these laws are found in half of the Southern states. The array of states with these laws does not conform to the traditional pattern of morality politics laws that is commonly associated with LGBT rights. Using a Cox non-proportional hazards model, we find that the adoption of these laws was influenced by vertical diffusion of the Centers for Disease Control's model vital records recommendations. States with more professionalized bureaucracies, like Virginia and Georgia, were more likely to implement these recommended best practices. However, as transgender rights became more closely associated with the gay rights advocacy movement, this issue likely resembles morality policy. The result being that liberal and conservative elites respond to these policies in predictable manners. Notably, the political opportunity structure in Southern states has not allowed the passage of this type of statute since the incorporation of transgender rights into the LGBT social movement during the mid-1990s.

Attempts to assess the influence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) groups on LGBT-related policy are hampered by imprecise measurement of LGBT group strength and activity. This research note examines the problems with existing measures of state-level LGBT advocacy strength and it develops an alternative measure of LGBT advocacy group strength. We utilize revenue and asset data available from the National Center for Charitable Statistics to develop better and reproducible state-level measures of LGBT interest group strength on an annual basis. We compare our measures to existing measures and demonstrate their utility for the ongoing study of LGBT politics. The approach used in construction of our measure can be extended over time, is replicable in other issue areas, and thus has broad utility for the study of interest groups at the subnational level.

Most public service motivation (PSM) research compares government and business employees. This article fits into an emerging body of research that links PSM to volunteer activity. PSM is a needs-based approach to motivation. People may sate this need in ways other than direct government service. In this article, the authors investigate the relationship between PSM and charitable decisions. They surveyed undergraduate students at North Carolina State University using Perry's PSM instrument and antecedent questions. To further investigate students' motivations toward public service, they asked an additional series of questions focused on volunteering and donating choices. The authors find that students with higher levels of PSM are more likely to choose to engage in charitable activity. Individual characteristics such as family income, political identity, sex, religiosity, family socialization, and high school volunteering experiences are also significantly related to the choices students make about engaging in charitable activities.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) Americans face a fragmented policy landscape across the country. Some states and localities have taken the lead and adopted policies to protect LGBTQ citizens, while others have sought to undermine LGBTQ equality. As such, the rights of LGBTQ citizens are very much dependent on the politics of states they reside in. In this article, we argue subnational innovation on LGBTQ inclusive policy is a result of national policy gridlock. We also examine the state-level political factors driving the adoption of policy protections for LGBTQ citizens. We conclude that LGBTQ policies are driven by local political context and illustrate the dynamic nature of fragmented federalism in America.