Suchergebnisse

Trade restrictions; border crossing difficulties, and company
organizational structures have limited historical cross‐border
distribution activity. The result, generally, is two or three
independent distribution systems to support North American logistics
operations. With the completion of the US‐Canada Free Trade Act, many of
these limitations are being reduced. It is now time for firms to refine
their distribution networks to respond to this new environment. The
major changes that firms must consider are distribution centre locations
and manufacturing supply points. The factors that influence these
changes are country/market integration, duty levels, and cross‐border
transportation rates. Reports on the results of food industry
simulations that consider multiple levels of integration, duties, and
cross‐border rates. The results compare the number of distribution
centres and the total cost of each network, and generally indicate that
there are no significant changes in distribution system network design
resulting from US‐Canada Free Trade. The minor changes which are
observed include Toronto serving the Eastern US and Seattle serving
Western Canada. The cost differences are not significant. The results
also indicate that there is no significant economic motivation for
cross‐border logistics activity until duties are eliminated and
cross‐border transportation rates decline by 10 per cent.

The United Nations O ce on Drugs and Crime and the US Government make extensive use of remote sensing to quantify and monitor trends in Afghanistans illicit opium production. Cultivation gures from their independent annual surveys can vary because of systematic di erences in survey methodologies relating to spectral strati cation and the addition of a pixel bu er to the agricultural area. We investigated the e ect of strati cation and bu ering on area estimates of opium poppy using SPOT5 imagery covering the main opium cultivation area of Helmand province and sample data of poppy elds interpreted from very high resolution satellite imagery. The e ect of resolution was investigated by resampling the original 10 m pixels to 20, 30 and 60 m, representing the range of available imagery. The number of strata (1, 4, 8, 13, 23, 40) and sample fraction (0.2 to 2%) used in the estimate were also investigated. Strati cation reduced the con dence interval by improving the precision of estimates. Cultivation estimates of poppy using 40 spectral strata and a sample fraction of 1.1% had a similar precision to direct expansion estimates using a 2% sample fraction. Strati ed estimates were more robust to changes in sample size and distribution. The mapping of the agricultural area had a signi cant e ect on poppy cultivation estimates in Afghanistan, where the area of total agricultural production can vary signi cantly between years. The ndings of this research explain di erences in cultivation gures of the opium monitoring programmes in Afghanistan and recommendations can be applied to improve resource monitoring in other geographic areas.

The growth of production‐sharing activities in Mexico has
highlighted the need to explore the nature and competitive impact of
production sharing. Presents and discusses some of the experiences firms
can expect to encounter in Mexican operations. Uses an interview
methodology to collect data regarding key manufacturing and logistics
issues. Chooses to take an integrated approach that looks at both
manufacturing and logistics at the same time because important cost and
performance trade‐offs exist that influence the long‐term attractiveness
of Mexican operations. Discovers tremendous diversity existing in almost
all operating areas and that progress is being made towards the
establishment of world‐class logistics and manufacturing practices.

The image-interpretation of opium poppy crops from very high resolution satellite imagery forms part of the annual Afghanistan opium surveys conducted by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the United States Government. We tested the effect of generalization of field delineations on the final estimates of poppy cultivation using survey data from Helmand province in 2009 and an area frame sampling approach. The sample data was reinterpreted from pan-sharpened IKONOS scenes using two increasing levels of generalization consistent with observed practice. Samples were also generated from manual labelling of image segmentation and from a digital object classification. Generalization was found to bias the cultivation estimate between 6.6% and 13.9%, which is greater than the sample error for the highest level. Object classification of image-segmented samples increased the cultivation estimate by 30.2% because of systematic labelling error. Manual labelling of image-segmented samples gave a similar estimate to the original interpretation. The research demonstrates that small changes in poppy interpretation can result in systematic differences in final estimates that are not included within confidence intervals. Segmented parcels were similar to manually digitized fields and could provide increased consistency in field delineation at a reduced cost. The results are significant for Afghanistan's opium monitoring programmes and other surveys where sample data are collected by remote sensing.