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Since the National Defense Strategy (NDS) publication, the Brazilian Army has sought to respond to the challenges of raising its standards to those of the Knowledge Age. BRAÇO FORTE Strategy, PROFORÇA, and the Army's Strategic Projects are examples of necessary steps towards the desired military change. However, does the Army's concept of Transformation express an understanding of Military Transformation, or does it fall into the trap of technological determinism? Our hypothesis states that possible failures of the Army's Force Project are a product of a reductionist understanding of Transformation. Despite using the term Transformation, the assumptions that support the Army's Transformation process predominantly imply improving what it already does. Excepting projects such as Cyber Defense, SISFRON, and ASTROS 2020, modernization is more present than Transformation as military change. The paper used a Case Study research design methodology. Qualitative sources such as documents from the Ministry of Defense and the Brazilian Army were analyzed using a document analysis strategy named internal comparison criteria.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the military determinants of China's strategic posture at the beginning of the 21st century, especially after the wide-ranging military reform introduced by Xi Jinping in 2015. China has faced major challenges in combining military modernization and Peaceful Development in a strategic environment marked by the balance of power logic. In this context, this paper points out the importance of military modernization for China's grand strategy, even if it means the risk of growing tensions with regional and global military powers.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the military determinants of China's strategic posture at the beginning of the 21st century, especially after the wide-ranging military reform introduced by Xi Jinping in 2015. China has faced major challenges in combining military modernization and Peaceful Development in a strategic environment marked by the balance of power logic. In this context, this paper points out the importance of military modernization for China's grand strategy, even if it means the risk of growing tensions with regional and global military powers. ; El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores condicionantes geopolíticos de la postura estratégica de China a principios del siglo XXI, especialmente después de la extensa reforma militar iniciada en 2015por Xi Jinping. China ha enfrentado grandes desafíos para combinar la modernización militar y el desarrollo pacífico en un entorno estratégico marcado por el equilibrio de poder. En ese contexto, este artículo señalala importancia de la modernización militar para la gran estrategia china, mismo si eso implique el riesgo de un aumento de las tensiones con las potencias militares regionales y mundiales. ; O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os condicionantes militares da postura estratégica da China neste início de século XXI, especialmente após a ampla reforma militar iniciada em 2015 por Xi Jinping. A China tem enfrentado desafios importantes para combinar modernização militar e desenvolvimento pacífico em um ambiente estratégico marcado pela lógica balança de poder. Nesse contexto, este artigo aponta a importância da modernização militar para a grande estratégia chinesa, mesmo que isso signifique o risco de crescentes tensões com potências militares regionais e globais.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the military determinants of China's strategic posture at the beginning of the 21st century, especially after the wide-ranging military reform introduced by Xi Jinping in 2015. China has faced major challenges in combining military modernization and Peaceful Development in a strategic environment marked by the balance of power logic. In this context, this paper points out the importance of military modernization for China's grand strategy, even if it means the risk of growing tensions with regional and global military powers. ; El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores condicionantes geopolíticos de la postura estratégica de China a principios del siglo XXI, especialmente después de la extensa reforma militar iniciada en 2015por Xi Jinping. China ha enfrentado grandes desafíos para combinar la modernización militar y el desarrollo pacífico en un entorno estratégico marcado por el equilibrio de poder. En ese contexto, este artículo señalala importancia de la modernización militar para la gran estrategia china, mismo si eso implique el riesgo de un aumento de las tensiones con las potencias militares regionales y mundiales. ; O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar os condicionantes militares da postura estratégica da China neste início de século XXI, especialmente após a ampla reforma militar iniciada em 2015 por Xi Jinping. A China tem enfrentado desafios importantes para combinar modernização militar e desenvolvimento pacífico em um ambiente estratégico marcado pela lógica balança de poder. Nesse contexto, este artigo aponta a importância da modernização militar para a grande estratégia chinesa, mesmo que isso signifique o risco de crescentes tensões com potências militares regionais e globais.

Abstract How do Brazil's defence documents incorporate natural resources and critical infrastructure as political and strategic components of the national energy security framework? After presenting the contemporary international landscape on the subject, which is marked by rising powers and geopolitics, the paper explains the theory and the conceptual foundations that support the claim of a securitization movement on natural resources and critical infrastructure that relates to energy security in response to the absence of existential threats to Brazil. Following this effort, the text reflects upon and analyses how the matter has developed from 2005 to 2016 in Brazilian defence policies and in national defence strategies. By applying securitization theory to the case study, the final remarks imply the need for a reflection on the importance of incorporating the geopolitics of natural resources and critical infrastructure related to energy security in defence thinking.

Abstract How do Brazil's defence documents incorporate natural resources and critical infrastructure as political and strategic components of the national energy security framework? After presenting the contemporary international landscape on the subject, which is marked by rising powers and geopolitics, the paper explains the theory and the conceptual foundations that support the claim of a securitization movement on natural resources and critical infrastructure that relates to energy security in response to the absence of existential threats to Brazil. Following this effort, the text reflects upon and analyses how the matter has developed from 2005 to 2016 in Brazilian defence policies and in national defence strategies. By applying securitization theory to the case study, the final remarks imply the need for a reflection on the importance of incorporating the geopolitics of natural resources and critical infrastructure related to energy security in defence thinking.