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This paper focuses on the Jidu 濟瀆 (i.e., the Ji River 濟水), one of the four waterways (sidu 四瀆) in imperial China. Even though it vanished a long time ago, the Jidu had always been a part of the traditional Chinese ritual system of mountain- and water-directed state sacrifices. From the Western Han dynasty to the Qing dynasty, it continuously received regular state sacrifices. However, Western scholars have failed to notice it. Some modern Chinese and Japanese scholars have studied the development of the Jidu sacrifice, but its embodied political and religious significances for the state and local society were largely ignored. To remedy this neglect, I provide here, with new discoveries and conclusions, the first comprehensive study of the Jidu sacrifice in imperial China. Surrounding this coherent theme, this paper draws several original arguments from its four sections. The first section is a brief history of the state sacrifice to the Jidu. In the second section, I analyze the ideas of state authority, political legitimacy, religious belief, and cosmology, as these underlie the ritual performance concerning the Jidu. I argue that the Jidu was not only tightly associated with controlling water but was also a symbol and mechanism of political legitimacy. Relying on concrete official and local records, in the third section I further investigate the role that the Jidu God played in local society. I argue that after the Song dynasty, the Jidu God was transformed into a regional protector of local society and savior of local people in addition to an official water god. In the fourth section, I, for the first time, examine the interaction between the Jidu cult and other religious traditions including Daoism, Buddhism, and folk religion.

In order to understand the expenditures of tourists in Taiwan regarding tea and local famous specialty products, it is essential to examine the demographic nature of the inbound tourists. In this study, information was gathered from the 2015 Annual Survey Report on Visitors' Expenditures and Trends in Taiwan of the Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and Communications (MOTC), which included 6277 respondents, and analyzed by using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression methods. The analysis shows that gender, age, education, income, country of origin, travel purpose, travel type, and number of days stayed in Taiwan were the most significant factors to forecast the level of purchasing of tea and specialty products. With a greater understanding of these factors, the tourism industry in Taiwan will be able to increase revenue and improve their products and services. Meanwhile, as a reference for Taiwanese government can re-examine its tourism market to establish new policies and marketing plans to boost local economy. Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.42.12481261 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA.

This article examines the regulation of religious life in the late Middle Ages (14th and 15th centuries), focusing comparatively on Catholic monastic communities in pre-Reformation England and Buddhist monasticism in early Ming China. This comparative approach to two of the most important monastic traditions across Eurasia allows us to problematize the paradigm of ideas and praxes surrounding monastic self-governance in Latin Christendom and to integrate the current scholarship on Ming regulation of religious communities by investigating the pivotal changes in imperial religious policies taking place in the early period of this dynasty. We find that monks and secular authorities at the two ends of Eurasia often shared the same concerns about the discipline of religious men and women, the administration of their properties, and the impact of these communities on society at large. Yet, the article identifies significant differences in the responses given to these concerns. Through the analysis of primary sources that have thus far been overlooked, we show how in early Ming China the imperial government imposed a strict control over the education, ordination and disciplining of Buddhist monks. This bureaucratic system was especially strengthened during the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang (r. 1368–1398), when the figure of the Monk-Official and other tools of secular regulation were introduced, and limits to property claims and economic activities of monasteries were imposed. Instead, during the same period, English monasteries benefited from the previous disentangling of the Church from secular political authorities across Europe. In fact, in late medieval England, the Benedictine tradition of self-governance and independence from the secular sphere was arguably even more marked than in the rest of the continent.

Little research attention has been paid to the importance of creative leadership for team creativity. We proposed that the leader's level of creativity would be a core component of effective leadership, and that leader creativity would be positively related to team creativity
and moderated by leader empowerment and task complexity. Participants were 382 employees and their leaders from 89 project teams in China. Results showed that there was a positive relationship between leader creativity and team creativity, and that the relationship was fortified by task complexity
but weakened by leader empowerment. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

We examined the influence of reward structures on team adaptation. We collected data from Chinese university students, whom we assigned to 62 teams of 3 members. They took part in a team-based card game in a laboratory setting to test if a cooperative structure promotes team adaptation
by facilitating shared mental model updating, and if a competitive structure harms team adaptation by preventing shared mental model updating. This proposition was supported by the results of the between-group factorial design experiment: The efficiency of the shared mental model was lost
when predicting team performance in an uncertain environment. Teams with a cooperative structure outperformed teams with a competitive structure in the task changes, and this effect was mediated by shared mental model updating. Thus, team managers should adopt a cooperative-based structure
in an uncertain environment to achieve team adaptation, as well as training team members to understand the changed situation.