Suchergebnisse

Die Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) steht wie kaum eine andere internationale Organisation in Zeiten stetig steigender Ölpreise im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit. Die OPEC stellt seit ihrer Gründung auf der Konferenz von Bagdad im Jahre 1960 ein Kartell einer Gruppe Erdöl exportierender Staaten dar, das in der Lage ist, sowohl die verfügbaren Mengen Rohöl auf dem Weltmarkt zu beeinflussen als auch ihren Preis. Können diese Aktivitäten der OPEC mit Hilfe des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts unterbunden werden? Die Untersuchung geht dieser schwierigen Frage nach. Hierbei werden konzeptionelle Fragen des europäischen Binnenmarktrechts ebenso behandelt wie aktuelle Entwicklungen im Recht der Staatenimmunität, des WTO-Rechts sowie des nationalen und internationalen Kartellrechts. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchung ist zugleich Ausdruck des Phänomens der Fragmentierung des internationalen Wirtschaftsrechts: Die Mengenabsprachen der OPEC-Staaten können durch das supranationale europäische Wettbewerbsrecht verboten werden, obwohl sie völkerrechtlich zulässig sind. Die Untersuchung behandelt eingehend alle damit zusammenhängenden Fragen

Intro -- Vorwort -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Acronyms -- A. Introduction -- Bibliography -- B. EU Accession Debates -- I. Introduction -- II. Theories and Reasons for Public Support of the European Integration Process -- 1. Theories from Political Science -- 2. Theoretical Explanations for the Support -- 3. Economic Advantages -- 4. Effect on Welfare State and Subsidies -- 5. Partisanship, Identity and Social Status and its Effect on the Voting Behaviour -- 6. Further Effects -- III. Icelandic Accession Debate -- 1. Overview -- 2. State of the Application Process -- 3. Icelandic Debate -- 4. Future Developments -- Literature: -- C. Sovereignty -- I. Introduction -- II. Icelandic Sovereignty -- 1. History of Icelandic Sovereignty -- 2. Icelandic Sovereignty regarding Icelandic Fisheries -- a) Icelandic Common Fisheries Policy Criticism -- b) New Common Fisheries Policy -- Literature: -- D. Research Design -- I. Introduction -- II. Aim -- 1. General Aim -- 2. Aim in the Context of the General Research -- III. Research Tool -- 1. Methodological Research Goal -- 2. Research Method -- IV. Selecting Interviewees -- 1. Organizations to Consider -- a) Public Departments -- b) Societal Organisations -- c) Political Parties -- d) Pro-/Anti-EU-Groups -- 2. Individuals to Consider -- a) Icelandic Politicians -- b) Icelandic Scholars -- c) Members of the Diplomatic Corps -- d) "Independent" Sources -- V. Preliminary Conclusion -- VI. Legal Comparison -- VII. Challenges of Legal Comparisons -- Literature: -- E. Ways of Cooperation with the European Union -- I. Introduction -- II. Preliminary methodological considerations -- III. European Union -- IV. EFTA -- V. EEA -- VI. European Political Community -- VII. Customs Union -- VIII. Free Trade Areas -- 1. European Union Association Agreements -- 2. Stabilisation Agreement.

"Part one of Vol. 2 (2011) of the European Yearbook of International Economic Law" addresses two major topics of current academic debate and public interest: firstly, it focuses on the State and the Global Economy, secondly, on Climate Change and International Economic Law. Part two contains treatises of recent regional integration developments taking place in the major regions of the world. Part three covers the legal and political developments in the major international organizations and fora dealing with international economic policy making. Part four contains book reviews of recent works in the field of International Economic Law."--Publisher's website

Covering a broad scope of international economic law, this volume examines topics like exchange rate manipulation and financial market supervision. Cross-regional economic initiatives are also discussed, as well as recent activity in global institutions.

This sixth volume (2015) of the European Yearbook of International Economic Law puts a particular emphasis on non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade and the world trade order. With the steady reduction of tariff rates since the GATT 47 came into force, focus in recent years has been on the vast and complex landscape of non-tariff barriers to trade. States as well as scholars seemingly struggle with the multitude of measures pooled under this expression as there is no single, acknowledged definition of the term, and its relation to the term "non-tariff measures" remains equally blurred. Particularly in practice and on a multilateral level, there appears to be some awkwardness when it comes to coping with NTBs since multilateral trade rules seem to be in conflict with national regulatory autonomy in the pursuit of policy objectives. In part one, this volume sheds light on the problems of non-tariff barriers to trade that arise in various fields. Part two focuses on regional integration with an emphasis on relations between East Asia and the European Union. In this regard, the authors outline the trade and investment relations between the European Union and East Asia, including Japan, Korea and Singapore. Part three offers an overview of recent institutional developments in WIPO, ICSID, WTO and WTO jurisprudence. Part four includes book reviews of recent works in the field of international economic law, and part five introduces a new section on publications in the field of international economic law that were released in 2013 and 2014

In 2014, the global economic system celebrates two anniversaries: Seventy years ago, on 22 July 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, the Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Articles of Agreement of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (Worldbank) were adopted. Since then the global financial and monetary system underwent significant policy changes, but the institutional framework remained the same. More recently, twenty years ago, on 15 April 1994, the Final Act of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations was signed and its key component, the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization, entered into force on 1 January 1995. Even though the beginning of the multilateral trading system dates back to the late 1940s, the founding of the WTO constitutes a significant institutional reform which marks the beginning of a new era. Anniversaries are usually moments of celebration. However, even a superficial observer will notice that neither the current international financial and monetary regime nor the international trade regime is in a stage which invites celebration. Instead, both are facing difficult and fundamental challenges to their very existence from the outside but also from within. So while there may be no time to celebrate, anniversaries are also often used for reflection about the past and the future. Hence, EYIEL 5 (2014) considers these two anniversaries ample moments to reflect on the legacy and the current status of the main two pillars of International Economic Law in its Part one. Part two of EYIEL 5 (2014) brings together contributions on the EU's Deep Trade Agenda, on Current Approaches to the International Investment Regime in South America, on the Multilayered System of Regional Economic Integration in West Africa and on the Tripartite Free Trade Area, as well as on India and her Trade Agreements. Part three contains treatises of developments in the World Customs Organization, the World Intellectual Property Organization and in International Investment Law. After the book reviews in Part four, EYIEL 5 (2014) is complemented with an Annex containing the Case (on exchange-rate manipulation and crisis-caused guarantees to financial institutions) and the Best Submissions of the 11th EMC2 ELSA WTO Moot Court Competition (of the Harvard team for the complainant and the Leuven team for the respondent). The case not only addresses issues of current interest but also links ...

Part one of Volume 4 (2013) of the European Yearbook of International Economic Law offers a special focus on recent developments in international competition policy and law. International competition law has only begun to emerge as a distinct subfield of international economic law in recent years, even though international agreements on competition co-operation date back to the 1970s. Competition law became a prominent subject of political and academic debates in the late 1990s when competition and trade were discussed as one of the Singapore issues in the WTO. Today, international competition law is a complex and multi-layered system of rules and principles encompassing not only the external application of domestic competition law and traditional bilateral co-operation agreements, but also competition provisions in regional trade agreements and non-binding guidelines and standards. Furthermore, the relevance of competition law for developing countries and the relationship between competition law and public services are the subject of heated debates. The contributions to this volume reflect the growing diversity of the issues and elements of international competition law

Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Preliminary Questions -- What Does "Complexity" Mean? -- Varieties of Complexity -- Complexity in Linguistics -- Background: Computational Grammars and Generativity -- Critique of the Generativist Reason: Thom and Petitot's Semiophysics -- Limited Recursion and Naturalization of the Meaning -- Rethinking the Generativity of Languages from the Use -- Oscillations and Gaps -- Syntax in Semiophysics -- Significant Intersections: Grammars and Cognitive Semantics -- Toward a «complex» Science of the Natural Language: the Semiophysics' Inheritance -- Problems Inspired by a Complex Science of the Natural Language -- Gestalt Compositionality -- Lexical Polysemy and Semiogenesis -- Local Models and Qualitative Mathematics of the Continuous -- Conclusion -- Complexity and Linguistic Theory: Epistemological Questions -- 1 The Game of Complexity and Linguistic Theorization -- 1.1 Introduction: An Age-Old Debate -- 1.2 The Nomothetic Approach: Reduction to Simplicity and Determinant Laws -- 1.3 Complexity, Replayed in the Models of Complex Systems -- 1.4 Emergence: Between Determinant Judgment and Reflective Judgment -- 1.5 The Middle Path of Complex Systems: Assessment for Semiolinguistics -- 1.6 What Do the Facts Tell Us? a Few Remarks -- 1.7 Concerning a Few Linguistic Theories -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Continuity in the Interactions Between Linguistic Units -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Topological and Dynamic Models in Linguistics: From "Autopoiesis" to the Notion of "Instruction" -- 2.2.1 Short Review of Some Models: Autopoietic, Gestaltist, Morphogenetic -- 2.2.2 The Articulation Between Global and Local Dimensions -- 2.2.3 Instruction: A Dynamical and Topological Notion -- 2.3 Continuity, Instruction and the Online Processing of Meaning -- 2.3.1 Two Fundamental Hypotheses Concerning Meaning.

"Editorial EYIEL 8 (2017)" -- "Contents" -- "List of Contributors" -- "Part I: Special Focus External Economic Relations of the European Union" -- "Distinguished Essay: A Quiet Revolution-The Changing Nature of the EU´s Common Commercial Policy" -- "1 Introduction" -- "2 The Objectives of the Common Commercial Policy" -- "2.1 Specific Objectives for the Common Commercial Policy" -- "2.2 Internal Policy Objectives" -- "2.3 General External Objectives" -- "2.4 Turning Objectives into Strategy" -- "3 The Scope of the Common Commercial Policy" -- "3.1 From Goods to Services and Intellectual Property Rights" -- "3.2 And Foreign Direct Investment" -- "3.3 Limits to the Common Commercial Policy" -- "4 Decision-Making" -- "4.1 The European Parliament: Consent, Transparency and Public Debate" -- "4.2 The Member States: Exclusivity and Unanimity" -- "5 Conclusion" -- "References" -- "Front-Loading Trade Policy-Making in the European Union: Towards a Trade Act" -- "1 The Problem" -- "2 Forum Shifting in Law-Making" -- "3 The Challenge of Inclusive Participation" -- "3.1 International Law and Diplomacy" -- "3.2 European Union Law Treaty-Making" -- "4 Front-Loading of Trade and Investment Policy-Making" -- "4.1 The Lack of Specific Objectives in Primary Law" -- "4.2 The Role of Negotiating Directives" -- "4.3 The Challenge Ahead" -- "5 The US Trade Act and Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)" -- "5.1 The 1974 Trade Act and Amendments" -- "5.2 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA)" -- "5.3 Assessment" -- "6 Towards an International Trade, Investment and Cooperation Regulation (ITICR)" -- "6.1 Defining Legal Objectives, Goals and Conditions" -- "6.2 The Role of Parliaments of Member States" -- "6.3 Negotiating Mandates" -- "6.4 Package Deal" -- "6.5 Relationship to Mixed Agreements" -- "6.6 The Role of the Judiciary" -- "7 Conclusions" -- "References