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In the case of hip-hop, the forces of top-down corporatization and bottom-up globalization are inextricably woven. This volume takes the view that hip-hop should not be viewed with this dichotomous dynamic in mind and that this dynamic does not arise solely outside of the continental US. Close analysis of the facts reveals a much more complex situation in which market pressures, local (musical) traditions, linguistic and semiotic intelligibility, as well as each country's particular historico-political past conspire to yield new hybrid expressive genres. This exciting collection looks at lingu

Abstract
In this article, I explore the potential of the strategic/non-strategic distinction to link im/politeness with recent developments in pragmatics more generally. My point of departure is the claim that the binary between strategic/non-strategic politeness, as drawn in previous research starting with the distinction between discernment and volition, leaves a blind-spot when it comes to established ways of achieving politeness that do not rely on recognition of the speaker's intention, yet go beyond a pre-defined repertoire of forms. To shed light on this blind spot, I recruit the notions of first-order (S1) and higher-order (S2) polite speakers from Rational Speech Act models, which distinguish between different types of speakers depending on the degree to which they reason not just about their own goals but also about what the hearer thinks of them. However, contrary to the standard RSA model, I propose to think of such reflexive reasoning as a matter of degree, which can be used to explain a continuum of uses from strategic to non-strategic politeness. This move highlights points of contact between theoretical traditions that have developed independently and helps to reinstate im/politeness as a driver of pragmatics research broadly conceived.

2.2 Development of interactional competence -- 2.3 Collaborative talk -- 3. The study -- 4. Methods -- 4.1 Participants -- 4.2 Creation of experimental dialogue -- 4.3 Instrument -- 4.4 Procedure -- 4.5 Coding and analysis -- 5. Results -- 6. Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Appendix: Scenarios -- Using eye-tracking to examine the reading of texts containing taboo words -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Eye-tracking methodology -- 1.2 Cognition and taboo words -- 1.3 Empirical research on (im)politeness -- 2. Current study -- 2.1 Participants -- 2.2 Materials -- 2.3 Procedure -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. General discussion, conclusions and suggestions for future research -- References -- Appendix A: Three further examples of stimuli materials -- Appendix B: Full list of taboo and non-taboo exclamations used in the study -- Impoliteness electrified -- 1. Impoliteness processing: Theoretical debates -- 1.1 Respectful address in Mandarin Chinese -- 1.2 (Im)politeness theories in debate -- 2. Offline behavioral evidence on politeness processing and impoliteness processing -- 3. Neuro-cognitive evidence on honorific processing -- 4. Electrophysiological studies on processing disrespectful reference in Mandarin -- 4.1 Overview of study design -- 4.2 Hypothesis of ERP responses -- 4.3 Materials generation -- 4.4 Experimental procedure -- 4.5 EEG recording, analysis and brain potentials of interest -- 4.6 Eliciting disrespectfulness in referential expression using a simple scenario? -- 4.7 Dealing with the violation of respectful constraints: A syntactic or semantic/pragmatic mechanism? -- 4.8 Inter-individual differences in perceiving disrespectful reference? -- 4.8.1 Gender effects -- 4.8.2 Impact of the interpersonal reactive ability (fantasizing ability) -- Acknowledgement -- References.

Abstract
We investigate whether facial attractiveness, as one source of positive/negative attitudes towards one's conversational partner, affects the degree and type of opinion convergence online, even in the absence of physical co-presence. Our hypothesis is that when you interact with someone you find attractive, opinion convergence will occur even if you are not physically co-present with them. Additionally, we tracked different types of opinion convergence (one-sided or mutual) and how convergence is linguistically negotiated in these different circumstances. Our hypothesis was confirmed, to a point. Opinion convergence was most frequent among Attracted pairs; however, opinion convergence was greatest among Neutral pairs. Opinion convergence was qualitatively different in the 3 conditions. This research adds to previous studies which highlighted aspects of communication unique to online environments (anonymity, invisibility) to explain the heightened tendency for face-threatening behaviours to occur online, by showing how implicit biases (operationalized here as facial attractiveness) can be an additional factor influencing online behaviour.

Abstract
The current study reports on three role-plays investigating the understanding and uses of politeness by native speakers of Spanish from Spain, native speakers of English from the United States, and nonnative speakers of Spanish from the United States. Motivated by the different characterization of Peninsular Spanish and U.S. American cultures as solidarity and distancing cultures, respectively (Hickey, 2005; Pinto, 2011), we expected that American English speakers would be more inclined towards the use of politeness strategies linked to the protection of face, while Spaniards would make more use of maneuvers to enhance face. The pertinent research question is whether learners transfer into L2 their L1 preference for face-saving, or, conversely, are able to adapt their behavior depending on the language of the interaction. Our results show that, overall, nonnative speakers still abide by the norms of their L1 to some extent, attaching more importance to the avoidance of face-threats when speaking in Spanish than native speakers do, although this preference tends to become less marked as their proficiency in the L2 increases.

Sociopragmatics is a rapidly growing field and this is the first ever handbook dedicated to this exciting area of study. Bringing together an international team of leading editors and contributors, it provides a comprehensive, cutting-edge overview of the key concepts, topics, settings and methodologies involved in sociopragmatic research. The chapters are organised in a systematic fashion, and span a wide range of theoretical research on how language communicates multiple meanings in context, how it influences our daily interactions and relationships with others, and how it helps construct our social worlds. Providing insight into a fascinating array of phenomena and novel research directions, the Handbook is not only relevant to experts of pragmatics but to any reader with an interest in language and its use in different contexts, including researchers in sociology, anthropology and communication, and students of applied linguistics and related areas, as well as professional practitioners in communication research.