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Abstract
This article concentrates on the local consequences of the introduction of the Netherlands' National Police. Six local teams of the National Police were studied, using both interviews with officers and observations of police work. Despite the emphasis on standardization, this study showed that there are important differences between these teams. The scale enlargement of the local teams resulted in several negative side effects, such as an increase in driving time of patrol cars in rural areas, and a loss of social bonds between officers in these teams. The aim to replace traditional patrol work by problem-oriented types of policing is hardly realized in practice. Despite the emphasis on the importance of community policing, in fact community officers now have a more isolated position. The introduction of the National Police created more distance between citizens and the police and made that this relationship is now more dependent on abstract forms of communication.

International audience ; Community policing presents its own distinct governance and accountability challenges. Local community police officers, for example, can find themselves stretched between the accountability demands of the local community and those flowing from professional, managerial and central government sources. Drawing on the results of a recent ethnographic study on neighbourhood police officers in rural and urban areas in the Netherlands, this article probes the nature and extent of these tensions and the coping strategies deployed by the officers in question and the police organisation as a whole. It finds that a regular strategy is to neutralise or marginalise the voice of the local community in shaping police priorities and strategies. Local democratic control of the police is often smothered by the competing professional, managerial, cultural and central government forces. This, in turn, has the effect of putting distance between police offices and citizens, and even creating a demand for the engagement of private sector patrol officers who are more responsive to the needs and wishes of the local community.

Community policing presents its own distinct governance and accountability challenges. Local community police officers, for example, can find themselves stretched between the accountability demands of the local community and those flowing from professional, managerial and central government sources. Drawing on the results of a recent ethnographic study on neighbourhood police officers in rural and urban areas in the Netherlands, this article probes the nature and extent of these tensions and the coping strategies deployed by the officers in question and the police organisation as a whole. It finds that a regular strategy is to neutralise or marginalise the voice of the local community in shaping police priorities and strategies. Local democratic control of the police is often smothered by the competing professional, managerial, cultural and central government forces. This, in turn, has the effect of putting distance between police offices and citizens, and even creating a demand for the engagement of private sector patrol officers who are more responsive to the needs and wishes of the local community.

In this article a detailed description is given of the subculture of a group of socially-excluded boys in The Netherlands. The relevance of some classical theories on youth subculture is assessed for understanding the lifestyles of today's disadvantaged youth, especially in a developed welfare state. The subculture of the boys is not only an adaptation to their disadvantaged position, but is also an autonomous factor in its reproduction. However, whereas in the 1970s, according to Willis, the subculture of resistance prepared the lads for lower-class jobs, nowadays these boys derive their identity, hopes and masculinity mainly from industrial manual jobs of the past. Four factors are distinguished that are relevant to understand the boys' lifestyle choices: considerations of prestige among the boys, their relations with dominant institutions, the relations between the boys' age groups and the reactions of relevant adults to the behaviour of the boys.

Abstract
Several countries have introduced mandatory higher education for all police officers. However, we have scant empirical knowledge about the arguments and debates underlying these systems. This contribution unpacks the 'politics of higher police education' in Norway, Finland, and North Rhine-Westphalia. We discuss the circumstances and dominant actors' views, expectations, and arguments involved in the introduction and evolution of higher police education, and how to understand similarities and differences between these three countries. We find that similar arguments recurred in each case: helping the police adapt to a changing society, making the police profession more attractive, preventing police education from lagging behind similar professions, and improving police–citizen relationships. Specific historical or political contexts and organizational arrangements also played important roles in the introduction and shaping of higher police education. The higher police education systems as such are seen as legitimate, but there are fierce ongoing debates on both substance and form.

In 2013 the governments of the Netherlands and Scotland established national police forces, replacing a tradition of largely autonomous regional police organisations. In both jurisdictions, these radical reforms have raised concerns about the consequences of these national police structures for local policing and for relationships with local communities and local government. Drawing on documentary sources and interview material from each jurisdiction and informed by insights from the policy implementation literature, the key question addressed in this article is how has the legislation that created the new national police forces been put into effect at a local level? Focusing on the impact on the governance, organisation and delivery of local policing, the article reveals how the implementation in both jurisdictions involves interpretation and discretion by multiple actors so that gaps are emerging between the national 'policy promises' set out in the legislation and the 'policy products' experienced in local contexts.

This article presents a diachronic perspective for implementation research. It analyzes implementation practices in relation to their changing institutional context. Therefore, a comparison is made between different styles of implementation.The relationship between implementation practices and institutional context is analyzed as a structuration process, following Giddens's theory. Four styles of policy implementation are distinguished: a traditional, bureaucratic, professional, and managerial style. These four styles are connected with different phases in the development of the welfare state. This developmental model is illustrated with an analysis of policy implementation in Dutch public assistance between 1950 and the early 1990s.