Using aggregated panel data taken from three waves of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (1993–2000), this article tests the myopic addiction behaviour of cigarette demand. Sensitivity analysis is done by examining a rational addiction behavior of cigarette demand. The results provide support for myopic addiction. The short- and long-run price elasticities of cigarette demand are estimated at −0.28 and −0.73 respectively. Excise taxes are more likely to act as an effective tobacco control in the long-run rather than a major source of government revenue.
Askeskin membayar klaim pengobatan rumah sakit untuk penduduk miskin dengan tarif yang ditetapkan. Namun, resep obat tidak terdaftar yang tidak boleh dibebankan pada pasien justru menjadi beban rumah sakit. Inisiatif pimpinan RSUD Gunung Jati menyediakan dana pendamping menjadi beban secara fi-nansial. Pada tahun 2005, rujukan pasien rawat inap kelas III, meningkat 153 % dan beban pasien luar kota meningkat 331 %. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi beban RS menutupi biaya perawatan, khususnya obat non DPHO yang tidak dapat diklaim ke Askes. Penelitian me-nggunakan Sumber data catatan medik, catatan klaim dan studi kualitatif wawancara mendalam. Ditemukan bahwa pasien luar yang dirawat di SMF bedah menghabiskan dana dua kali lebih besar daripada pasien yang berasal dari Cirebon dan dirawat di SMF non Bedah. Lama pasien dirawat berbanding lurus dengan besar biaya yang menjadi beban rumah sakit. Penelitian ini juga menemukan visi dan persepsi institusi terkait tentang tanggung jawab pemda yang tidak-sinkron. Hal ini menyebabkan dana pelayanan kesehatan pasien miskin di RSUD Gunung Jati tidak tersedia. Disarankan untuk membentuk forum bersama antara pemda terkait di wilayah III Cirebon guna menangani tanggung jawab pendanaan kesehatan masyarakat miskin dan mekanismenya. Juga diperlukan sosialisasi efektif tentang obat DPHO kepada dokter di rumah sakit.Kata kunci : Asuransi kesehatan, DPHO, askeskin.AbstractAskes—the health insurance corporation—pay hospitals according to predetermined prices, but the hospital must finance the costs of those non-covered drugs and medical supplies prescription because of prohibition of charging the poor. In Gunung Jati Hospital, funding for the poor from local governments which is the responsibility of local governments is not available. The hospital should finance the gap which in turn putting high financial burden to the hospi-tal. Askeskin removes financial barriers to access inpatient care producing an increase of 153% of the third class hospital inpatient from the level of 2004. The objective of this study is to know the factors related to the high financial burden to the hospital in order to finance non covered drugs and medical supplies. The study used survey method complemented by in depth interview in the qualitative part of the study. This study concludes that the average costs of non-covered services are more than twice more expensive among patients coming from out of Cirebon and hospitalized in surgical wards. In addition, length of stay positively correlated with higher burden to the hospital. Inconsistencies and misunderstanding among policy makers regarding vision and mission of caring the poor resulting to no allocation of fund to the hospital. The researchers suggest that a forum is established to delineate local government responsi-bility and funding for non-covered services to complement the national program of Askeskin. In addition, effective communication to physicians to prescribe from formularium would reduce the financial burden of the hospital.Keywords : Health insurance, DPHO, medicaid
The process to establish a planning and budgeting policy in the Directorate for Occupational and Sports Health is very dynamic and it fluctuates according to the goals and priorities of the policy. This research aims to ascertain how far the political aspects influences the establishment process. This research was a qualitative research accomllished through in-depth interviews with related parties. The framework used the planning and budgeting systems model and process/cycle. Results of this research indicated that politics played a major role in the policy establishment process in conflicts, cooperation, and negotiations when setting the size and allocation of the budget and the targets aimed. The main points in the process are the priorities of the program, the fiscal capacity of the nation, and the results of the previous year's evaluation. We recommend that the human resources of the directorate are equipped abilities to advocate the importance of the occupational and sports health program
Relationship between health, economic and tobacco has become crucial issue that requires strong, intensive and comprehensive approaches to be solved. For some countries, including Indonesia, it is a very challenging issue because of the political, economic and cultural determinants are influencing the direction and achievement of preventing and controlling tobacco health impact.
AbstractIt has become a common issue that the Global Fund (GF) as one of the largest international donors to AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Program will immediately stop the funding. Data shows that in 2009 GF ATM support reached 88,8% while APBN funding just cover 11,2% of the total budget needed. However, APBN budget for ATM programs was significantly increased in 2012 which covered almost 30% of the total budget. Eventhough the increasing trend of ATM budget seemed at the central government level, however the local governments will hold the key to the sustainability of the post- termination GF ATM FundingObjectivesThis study aimed to get a picture of the local government's commitment as an implementing institution to respond the financing needs specifically for TB programs.MethodsThis economic evaluation compared the amount of the existing budget of local governments and the amount needed based on the Minimum Standards of Services (MSS) of TB Programs. We sampled two district in west java that were Cirebon and Garut. The cost component calculated in these evaluation were: medicines, medical supplies, case findings, and administrative cost.Results and DiscussionTotal budget needed in Garut according to MSS amounted 2,5 Billion Rupiahs, whereas the total budget which has been alocated approximately 2 Billion Rupiahs. For those budget allocated in Garut, 90% of the total was supported by the Government then the rest of that was supported by GF. A similar trend showed in Cirebon, which was found a budget shortage amounted 700 Million Rupiahs from approximately 1,6 Billion Rupiahs budget needed and 80% of those was sourced by The Government. The particular finding showed that prevention and case detection program in Garut still dominated by GF support which slightly above 65%. Otherwise, budget allocated for those Activity in Cirebon has been dominated by the government approximately 80%.ConclusionIn general, both Garut and Cirebon faced two common challenges in terms of financing the TB program. First, the high shortage between needs and budget alocated of the program becomes an important concern for addressing TB cases reduction in related district. The second is program's sustainibility after termination of Global Fund, particularly for prevention and case detection programs. Therefore, it might be need a support from NGO or other related institution to advocate the local government and DPRD to allocate more budget for reducing TB cases.
Background: Indonesia is targeting to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in 2019. Currently, the National Health Insurance program (JKN) has been running since it was first started at January 1, 2014 and includes as many as 171 million participants from 254 million targeted population of Indonesia as efforts in achieving UHC. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of JKN against the equity in the utilization of inpatient care in thegovernment hospital (RS) and private hospitals before the implementation of JKN in 2013 and one year after JKN implemented in 2015 into 4 main groups: health insurance, geographic (rural and urban), income per capita, and education groups. Methods: This study used mixed method data collection techniques by using quantitative data obtained from secondary data of the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) 2013 and 2015, and BPJS (Social Security Agency) of Health 2014-2015. The qualitative data obtained from the study of literature (desk review). Data analysis was performed by considering the percentage, delta, ratio, and odds ratio of utilization of inpatient care in government and private hospitals. Results: Based on the analysis of the fourgroups studied, showed that the JKN program improve equity and increase public access to the utilization of inpatient both at the Government and Private Hospital especially for the JKN participants, ruralpopulation, lowest income groups and less educated group. Health insurance membershipp group: more patients using health services use health insurance both in government and at private hospitals, but the number of JKN card owner is the highest in government hospital. Conversely, those with private insurance use more health services in private hospitals. Geographic groups (rural and urban): JKN increase greater equity for rural people than urban communities. The increase in the highest access especially in utilization of health services in private hospitals.
AbstractOver a 5‐year period ending in 2019, 200 pharmaceutical industries in Indonesia were encouraged to transform from generic to research‐based ones. This study aimed to assess the country's readiness for change, to predict the policy impact on drug development in Indonesia. Issues concerning the perceptions of pharmaceutical industries and government institutions on the pursuit of drug development readiness were explored in a qualitative explorative study, employing elements of key levers predicting drug development. Data from interviews and an open‐ended survey of a number of top‐level managers in pharmaceutical industries and relevant government institutions revealed that Indonesia was only partially ready to develop drugs. Drug characteristics, push and pull factors, government resources, and the national program were identified as drivers but failed to deliver any impact. Regulations, pharma capacity, market opportunities, regulatory‐pull factors, key actors, and policy value were among the commonly stated barriers to development.
Background Many low and middle income countries are implementing reforms to support Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Perhaps one of the most ambitious examples of this is Indonesia's national health scheme known as the JKN which is designed to make health care available to its entire population of 255 million by end of 2019. If successful, the JKN will be the biggest single payer system in the world. While Indonesia has made steady progress, around a third of its population remains without cover and out of pocket payments for health are widespread even among JKN members. To help close these gaps, especially among the poor, the Indonesian government is currently implementing a set of UHC policy reforms that include the integration of remaining government insurance schemes into the JKN, expansion of provider networks, restructuring of provider payments systems, accreditation of all contracted health facilities and a range of demand side initiatives to increase insurance uptake, especially in the informal sector. This study evaluates the equity impact of this latest set of UHC reforms. Methods Using a before and after design, we will evaluate the combined effects of the national UHC reforms at baseline (early 2018) and target of JKN full implementation (end 2019) on: progressivity of the health care financing system; pro-poorness of the health care delivery system; levels of catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditure; and self-reported health outcomes. In-depth interviews with stakeholders to document the context and the process of implementing these reforms, will also be undertaken. Discussion As countries like Indonesia focus on increasing coverage, it is critically important to ensure that the poor and vulnerable - who are often the most difficult to reach – are not excluded. The results of this study will not only help track Indonesia's progress to universalism but also reveal what the UHC-reforms mean to the poor.
BACKGROUND: Many low and middle income countries are implementing reforms to support Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Perhaps one of the most ambitious examples of this is Indonesia's national health scheme known as the JKN which is designed to make health care available to its entire population of 255 million by end of 2019. If successful, the JKN will be the biggest single payer system in the world. While Indonesia has made steady progress, around a third of its population remains without cover and out of pocket payments for health are widespread even among JKN members. To help close these gaps, especially among the poor, the Indonesian government is currently implementing a set of UHC policy reforms that include the integration of remaining government insurance schemes into the JKN, expansion of provider networks, restructuring of provider payments systems, accreditation of all contracted health facilities and a range of demand side initiatives to increase insurance uptake, especially in the informal sector. This study evaluates the equity impact of this latest set of UHC reforms. METHODS: Using a before and after design, we will evaluate the combined effects of the national UHC reforms at baseline (early 2018) and target of JKN full implementation (end 2019) on: progressivity of the health care financing system; pro-poorness of the health care delivery system; levels of catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditure; and self-reported health outcomes. In-depth interviews with stakeholders to document the context and the process of implementing these reforms, will also be undertaken. DISCUSSION: As countries like Indonesia focus on increasing coverage, it is critically important to ensure that the poor and vulnerable - who are often the most difficult to reach - are not excluded. The results of this study will not only help track Indonesia's progress to universalism but also reveal what the UHC-reforms mean to the poor.
