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The author demonstrates that the loss of external support, the more effective government response, and the lack of cohesion within the CPT (Communist Party of Thailand) and the insurgency movement were determining factors in the decline of the communist insurgency in Thailand. External support for the CPT insurgents given by the Chinese, Vietnamese, Laotian and Kampuchean communists. The author believes that the loss of the external support was the most critical determinant for the decline of the insurgency. (DÜI-Sen)

Difficulties in involving the ethnic Malay Muslim villagers in Thai government-sponsored socioeconomic programs. Language barriers; cultural and social attitudes and behavior; religion as an obstacle to secular education.

The extent to which cultural factors (language difference, which hinders oral communication between the bureaucrats and the villagers, bureaucratic attitudes, behaviour and the lack of cultural awareness with respect to the villagers and religion as an obstacle to secular education) affect the efforts of Thai officials, most of whom are Buddhists, to undertake rural development activities in areas where the population is overwhelmingly Muslim is demonstrated. (DÜI-Sen)

In the Philippines a qualified system of centralism prevails today whereby most formal and all real power resides at the national level of government, though local units possess. some attributes of autonomy. Some local officials are elected but others are appointed by, and responsible to, the central government. Moreover it directs most local services and tightly controls local finances. Any explanation of this system must he sought on more than constitutional grounds. It becomes essential to examine the theory and practice of previous periods as regards central-local relations – for the interaction of these beliefs and practices are the historical antecedents of, and helped shape, this system.