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Environmental exposures in children may occur through many routes, including diet, air, and the ingestion of various nonfood items such as medications and household materials. This article focuses on dietary exposure, but it does highlight the importance of considering other routes of exposure when assessing exposure in children. It presents many of the findings in the two recent reports, Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children and Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS)/National Research Council (NRC). Diet is an important source of exposure for children to potential carcinogens. The trace quantities of chemicals present on or in foodstuffs are termed residues. In addition, there are substances that children may be exposed to in air and water that should be considered in a total exposure analysis. To minimize exposure of the general population to chemical residues in food, water, and air, the U.S. government has instituted regulatory controls. These are intended to limit exposures to residues while ensuring an abundant and nutritious food supply, and safe drinking water and air. The legislative framework for these controls was established by the Congress through various local and state laws and such federal laws as the Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), and the Clean Air Act (CAA). This article summarizes current approaches to assessing exposure and susceptibility in children.

Address before the Southwestern social science association, Dallas, Tex., Apr. 11, 1941.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Tables, Figures, and Boxes -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Authors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Introduction and Summary -- 1.1. Theme 1: Improving Food Safety and Quality -- 1.2. Theme 2: Inclusive and Sustainable, Safe and Environment-Friendly Agriculture Products -- 1.3. Theme 3: Toward Value Chains for Safe and Environment-Friendly Agriculture Products -- Appendix 1: Glossary of Key Terms -- References -- Theme 1: Improving Food Safety and Quality -- 2. Harmonizing Food Safety Systems and Increasing Market Access in the Greater Mekong Subregion -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. An Overview of Food Safety Concepts, Drivers, and Risk Analysis -- 2.3. GMS: An Emerging Hub for Regional and International Food Supply -- 2.4. Drivers of GMS Food Safety and Market Access Initiatives -- 2.5. Current Food Safety Policy, Investment, and Projects in the GMS -- 2.6. The Way Forward -- Appendix -- A2.1 GDP and Trade Scenarios in GMS Countries -- A2.2 Food Safety Laws, Regulations, and Implementing Agencies in the GMS -- A2.3 Gaps and Bottlenecks along the Food Chain -- A2.4 Food Safety Initiatives in GMS Countries, 2011-2017 (supporting sources in parentheses) -- A2.5 Sanitary and Phytosanitary and Codex Alimentarius Initiatives in the GMS -- A2.6 Private-Sector-Driven Initiatives in Food Safety in GMS Countries -- References -- 3. Increasing the Safety and Quality of Food Products from the Greater Mekong Subregion -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Key Issues -- 3.3. Recommendations -- 3.4. Proposed Initiatives -- 3.5. Conclusions -- References -- 4. Supporting Food Safety: Participatory Guarantee Systems-Issues to Be Considered for Up-Scaling in the Greater Mekong Subregion -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Situation Overview -- 4.3. Analysis of the Issues -- 4.4. Policy Directions.