Suchergebnisse

Übernahmestrategien erfreuen sich bei den Unternehmen der Energiewirtschaft großer Beliebtheit. Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre hat sich die jährliche Zahl der Übernahmen vervielfacht. Dennoch liegen bisher kaum fundierte Erkenntnisse über die Auswirkungen von Übernahmen aus unternehmerischer Perspektive und über die Motive des Managements für die eingeschlagenen Strategien vor. Thomas W. Thomas untersucht die Auswirkungen von 529 Übernahmen nordamerikanischer und europäischer Energieversorger in den Jahren 1990 bis 2002. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Bewertung der Übernahmen durch den Kapitalmarkt und die Veränderung der Unternehmensleistung in den Folgejahren. Beide Untersuchungsansätze lassen darauf schließen, dass die Übernahmestrategien für die Käuferunternehmen überwiegend zu einer Verringerung des Unternehmenswertes geführt haben. Doch es gibt gleichzeitig Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass sie in der Gesamtbetrachtung zu einer Wertsteigerung geführt haben, da die Zielunternehmen im gleichen Zeitraum einen Wertzuwachs erfahren haben. Neben dem Ausbau der Marktmacht identifiziert der Autor insbesondere finanzielle Synergien als wichtiges Motiv für die Übernahmen.

Most states have constitutional provisions requiring expressly or in effect, equality and uniformity of taxation. Under these constitutional requirements, it is usually held that the legislatures acting under their general taxing power, are not prohibited from making geographical classifications for purposes of taxation so long as they are reasonable and based upon a substantial distinction. However, the equality and uniformity provisions do require that all members of the same class be taxed alike. This limitation does not require meticulous adjustments to avoid incidental hardships upon some member of the same class, but requires only substantial uniformity. Since special assessments are within the general taxing power of the legislature, they are subject to these same limitations.

The Federal Government and forty-six states have incorporated within their constitutions the common law privilege against self-incrimination. Iowa and New Jersey, the two exceptions, have accepted the privilege, either by incorporation into their common law by judicial interpretation, or by statute. Originally, this universal acceptance was an outgrowth of the thumb-screw and rack days of the star chamber in England, and the protection from physical torture by officers of the law to extract confessions was deemed such a fundamental right' as to warrant constitutional safeguards. However, since its adoption in this country, authorities both in and outside of the legal field have questioned the purpose and policy of retaining the privilege in any form.

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine differences in change of direction (COD) performance and asymmetries between team-sports while considering the effects of sex and sport; (2) to evaluate the relationship between linear speed, COD completion time, and COD deficit. A total of 115 (56 males, 59 females) athletes active in cricket, soccer, netball, and basketball performed the 505 for both left and right limbs and a 10-m sprint test. All team-sports displayed directional dominance (i.e., faster turning performance/shorter COD deficits towards a direction) (p ≤ 0.001, g = −0.62 to −0.96, −11.0% to −28.4%) with, male cricketers tending to demonstrate the greatest COD deficit asymmetries between directions compared to other team-sports (28.4 ± 26.5%, g = 0.19–0.85), while female netballers displayed the lowest asymmetries (11.0 ± 10.1%, g = 0.14–0.86). Differences in sprint and COD performance were observed between sexes and sports, with males demonstrating faster 10-m sprint times, and 505 times compared to females of the same sport. Male soccer and male cricketers displayed shorter COD deficits compared to females of the same sport; however, female court athletes demonstrated shorter COD deficits compared to male court athletes. Large significant associations (ρ = 0.631–0.643, p < 0.001) between 505 time and COD deficit were revealed, while trivial, non-significant associations (ρ ≤ −0.094, p ≥ 0.320) between COD deficit and 10-m sprint times were observed. In conclusion, male and female team-sport athletes display significant asymmetries and directional dominance during a high approach velocity 180° turning task. Coaches and practitioners are advised to apply the COD deficit for a more isolated measure of COD ability (i.e., not biased towards athletes with superior acceleration and linear speed) and perform COD speed assessments from both directions to establish directional dominance and create a COD symmetry profile.

This article develops a conceptual model of organizational compliance using affirmative action as an example. The model is applied to universities that are both highly professionalized and loosely coupled. The article explores the dynamics of the process by which organizations with weak hierarchical links attempt to respond to demands that are sometimes unclear or changing and that make a valued resource contingent upon compliance with goals that are externally imposed. The article then attempts to show how the model could be operationalized empirically and the results used to determine whether or not an organization is making a good-faith attempt to comply with affirmative action.