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It is argued that mobilization of local communities in self-help development efforts, as instituted by Jomo Kenyatta, leader of the successful Kenyan independence struggle in 1963 & its first President, have been increasingly marginalized by larger political forces or co-opted by specific political agendas. Moreover, the emergence of class, ethnic, regional, religious, & other interests have confounded the community mobilization effort. Questions are raised about the ways in which communities can mobilize to alter the terms of exchange by which they relate to the world beyond, & processes are identified by which subordinate groups & classes become empowered & develop the bases for community organization & mobilization. Attention focuses on how economic problems in Kenya, especially relative to the world economy, have engendered shifts in the way in which community mobilization is executed. 41 References. D. Dennis

Describes major sociopolitical forces in modern Kenyan society, including political parties, bureaucracy, grassroots self-help movement (Harambee), rural and urban elites, the churches, and other actors.

Feminist Political Ecology explores the gendered relations of ecologies, economies and politics in communities as diverse as the rubbertappers in the rainforests of Brazil to activist groups fighting racism in New York City.Women are often at the centre of these struggles, struggles which concern local knowledge, everyday practice, rights to resources, sustainable development, environmental quality, and social justice.The book bridges the gap between the academic and rural orientation of political ecology and the largely activist and urban focus of environmental justice moveme

Feminist political ecology is a feminist approach to political ecology, where gender becomes a main category analysis in relation to understanding how decision-making practices and socio-political forces influence environmental laws and issues, as well as access to and control over resources. This chapter discusses the relationship between gender, environment, and development, arguing that men and women have different environmental concerns and experience environmental issues differently because of gender roles.