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Discusses agenda, issues, and policy orientations of members for the World Trade Organization meeting to be held in Doha, Qatar. Role of WTO in managing globalization, environmental policy, agriculture, services, and trading rules.

Abstract This paper analyzes two contrasting cases of democratic consolidation to examine the question of what political factors determine the success or failure of opposition movements that become governments at the time of democracy's inception. In South Africa the bitterly repressive apartheid regime of the mid 20th century was transformed into one of the most successful contemporary democracies, led by the African National Congress (ANC). On the other hand, Egypt's 2011 revolution produced a stillborn democracy, which while fully transitioned, failed to develop and consolidate effectively under the leadership of the Muslim Brotherhood. Despite the obvious similarities in political dynamics—democratic opposition movements fronting the process of democratization—these cases are dramatically different in their outcomes, as well as in the paths they took to reach those final destinations. The literature on what makes for a successful experience with democratic consolidation typically focuses on factors such as the state of the economy, the civil society, and the mode of transition. While all of these lenses can elucidate reasons for the success or failure of a democratizing state to consolidate, in the particular cases of South Africa and Egypt they fail to provide a complete accounting. In this paper I focus on the impact made by the opposition group that takes over during and after the transition, and argue that democratic transformation hinged primarily on the success of the ruling party in transforming itself from opposition group to a formally institutionalized governing party. I will explore the variables that determine the success of that internal transformation, including their leadership, their role in the transition to democracy, and their institutional culture. Through these factors I intend to highlight the independent impact that opposition groups can have on democratic consolidation.

An updated edition of this supportive guide to dementia care, this book is ideal for anyone with a friend or relative with dementia. It covers the latest developments in terms of policy, debates and approaches to care, has more detailed reference to UK government guidance, and features the voices of people with dementia.

For friends, family members and carers of people with dementia, understanding the condition and coping with the impact it has on their lives can be extremely challenging. This book, written specifically for these groups, explores each stage of the journey with dementia" and explains not only how it will affect the person with the condition, but also those around them, and how best to offer support and where to get professional and informal assistance. It focuses on the progressive nature of dementia and the issues that can arise as a result, and gives practical advice that can help to ensure t

A slow shutdown is an ensemble of flexible state regulations implemented over time that have the effect of prohibiting, interrupting, or making too costly online content creation. A slow shutdown differs from a technical shutdown in which a state authority blocks access to the Internet or platforms within its sovereign boundaries, usually for a short period. This article conceptualizes and delineates a slow shutdown in Tanzania. Using the method of process tracing, the article describes the Tanzania government's adoption of a series of repressive information and Internet regulations from 2010 to 2018 and analyzes its controversial 2018 online content regulations, which led many Tanzanians to cease expressive activities on the Internet. Drawing on Tanzanian policy documents, English-language national and international press coverage, nongovernmental organization reports, and Tanzanian blogs and websites, the study highlights the social impacts of the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party-led government's laws. It also extends research on media control and networked authoritarianism by demonstrating the variable forms, temporalities, and affects of Internet shutdowns and considering their relation to gender and class differences.

The goal of this study was to examine how the quality of relationships with parents, as well as life stress, is associated with cortisol production across the day among emerging adults; an additional aim was to determine whether relationship quality moderates the association between life stress and cortisol. Participants were 178 college students who reported on parental relationships, daily hassles, and major life events; they gave saliva samples across the day to assess cortisol. Emerging adults with more warmth in maternal relationships produced less total cortisol. Maternal relationship quality also moderated associations between daily hassles and early-morning cortisol, change in cortisol across the day, and total cortisol production. For those who experienced high levels of maternal warmth, daily hassles predicted smaller reductions in cortisol from morning to evening, as well as reduced total cortisol production, in part because of lower early morning levels produced by these individuals.

The goal of this study was to explore theoretically suggested but untested links between interparental conflict and stress physiology in late adolescence. A multi‐method study was conducted involving families (n = 42) who previously participated in the University California, Irvine site of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development; adolescents were 17½ years of age on average. Parent report and observer ratings of conflict, adolescent participation in a robust social‐evaluative stressor, and assessment of cortisol, cardiovascular, and emotional functioning were included. Marital conflict was associated with dampened physiological stress responses in adolescence but sensitized emotional responses, suggesting that conflict may be associated with problems integrating and coordinating emotional and physiological responses to stress.

ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to investigate associations of the positivity and negativity of couple communication behaviors during a novel stressor, representative of dyadic coping, with diurnal cortisol patterns, an indication of stress physiological functioning.BackgroundPrevious research suggests that less positive and more negative couple interactions about reoccurring relationship issues are stressful and, as a result, are associated with physiological stress dysregulation. Past research has also indicated that behaviors during novel, as opposed to reoccurring, stressors are uniquely predictive of couple outcomes because behaviors during novel stressors are indicative of patterns of dyadic coping. However, there is not yet evidence linking couple behaviors in response to novel stressors to physiological stress functioning.MethodsSixty‐one (N = 122 individuals) heterosexual couples completed a novel stress task, and recordings of their interactions were coded for negative and positive communication behaviors. Couples provided saliva samples at home for 2 days, which were assayed for diurnal cortisol concentrations.ResultsResults of linear regression and structural equation modeling analyses suggested that women's greater positive, in relation to negative, communication behavior during the novel stressor was associated with women's greater cortisol awakening levels and cortisol awakening responses. Men's greater positive behavior was associated with men's and women's greater cortisol awakening levels, that is, signs indicating healthy physiological functioning.ConclusionCouples' dyadic coping has implications for the functioning of stress systems.ImplicationsSpecifically, couples' communication quality during novel stressors may protect from physiological stress dysregulation; the manner in which couples treat each other when facing novel stress can get "under the skin."