National scientific capacity and R&D offshoring
In: Research policy: policy, management and economic studies of science, technology and innovation, Volume 42, Issue 2, p. 517-528
ISSN: 1873-7625
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In: Research policy: policy, management and economic studies of science, technology and innovation, Volume 42, Issue 2, p. 517-528
ISSN: 1873-7625
In: The Australian economic review, Volume 44, Issue 4, p. 480-489
ISSN: 1467-8462
In: American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Volume 97, Issue 3, p. 762-785
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In: Melbourne Institute Working Paper No. 18/13
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Working paper
In: The Australian economic review, Volume 46, Issue 4, p. 483-488
ISSN: 1467-8462
AbstractA country's standard of living is largely governed by economic output per capita, which corresponds closely with output per worker (labour productivity). Sustained growth in productivity over the long term requires finding ways to invest that avoid diminishing returns and this invariably means innovation and new technology.
In: Melbourne Institute Working Paper No. 24/11
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Working paper
In: Melbourne Institute working paper 11,19
In: Melbourne Institute working paper series 11,19
"In this paper we consider why firms sometimes choose an external development path for their own inventions, despite the costs of contracting and the risks of opportunitistic behaviour and expropriation." -- Abstract
In: Melbourne Institute Working paper series 09,10
In: Melbourne Institute working paper no. 10/09
In: Melbourne Institute Working paper series 09,11
In: Melbourne Institute working paper no. 11/09
In: The Australian economic review, Volume 53, Issue 2, p. 254-269
ISSN: 1467-8462
AbstractThis article describes a new database—TM‐Link—that contains 12 million trademark applications and registrations across six jurisdictions. A feature of the database is the identification of trademark equivalents (or families) within and across national trademark offices. Equivalent trademarks are two, or more, insignias for the same product applied for by the same company. Unlike patents, the incentive to file for global priority is comparatively weak since legal priority for trademarks is territorial. To identify the number of true trademark equivalents we therefore create synthetic links using a neural network‐based machine learning algorithm.
In: Australian Economic Review, Volume 53(2), p. 254-269
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In: 3. Petrie, S., Adams, M., Mitra-Kahn, B., Johnson, M., Thomson, R., Jensen, P., Palangkaraya, A., and Webster, E. (2020) TM-Link: An internationally linked trade mark database, Australian Economic Review, 20.
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Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is renowned for its successful evasion of the host immune system. Down regulation of the major histocompatabilty complex class I molecule (MHC-I) on the DFTD cells is a primary mechanism of immune escape. Immunization trials on captive Tasmanian devils have previously demonstrated that an immune response against DFTD can be induced, and that immune-mediated tumor regression can occur. However, these trials were limited by their small sample sizes. Here, we describe the results of two DFTD immunization trials on cohorts of devils prior to their wild release as part of the Tasmanian Government's Wild Devil Recovery project. 95% of the devils developed anti-DFTD antibody responses. Given the relatively large sample sizes of the trials (N = 19 and N = 33), these responses are likely to reflect those of the general devil population. DFTD cells manipulated to express MHC-I were used as the antigenic basis of the immunizations in both trials. Although the adjuvant composition and number of immunizations differed between trials, similar anti-DFTD antibody levels were obtained. The first trial comprised DFTD cells and the adjuvant combination of ISCOMATRIX™, polyIC, and CpG with up to four immunizations given at monthly intervals. This compared to the second trial whereby two immunizations comprising DFTD cells and the adjuvant combination ISCOMATRIX™, polyICLC (Hiltonol®) and imiquimod were given a month apart, providing a shorter and, therefore, more practical protocol. Both trials incorporated a booster immunization given up to 5 months after the primary course. A key finding was that devils in the second trial responded more quickly and maintained their antibody levels for longer compared to devils in the first trial. The different adjuvant combination incorporating the RNAase resistant polyICLC and imiquimod used in the second trial is likely to be responsible. The seroconversion in the majority of devils in these anti-DFTD immunization trials was remarkable, especially as DFTD is ...
BASE
Devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is renowned for its successful evasion of the host immune system. Down regulation of the major histocompatabilty complex class I molecule (MHC-I) on the DFTD cells is a primary mechanism of immune escape. Immunization trials on captive Tasmanian devils have previously demonstrated that an immune response against DFTD can be induced, and that immune-mediated tumor regression can occur. However, these trials were limited by their small sample sizes. Here, we describe the results of two DFTD immunization trials on cohorts of devils prior to their wild release as part of the Tasmanian Government's Wild Devil Recovery project. 95% of the devils developed anti-DFTD antibody responses. Given the relatively large sample sizes of the trials (N = 19 and N = 33), these responses are likely to reflect those of the general devil population. DFTD cells manipulated to express MHC-I were used as the antigenic basis of the immunizations in both trials. Although the adjuvant composition and number of immunizations differed between trials, similar anti-DFTD antibody levels were obtained. The first trial comprised DFTD cells and the adjuvant combination of ISCOMATRIX™, polyIC, and CpG with up to four immunizations given at monthly intervals. This compared to the second trial whereby two immunizations comprising DFTD cells and the adjuvant combination ISCOMATRIX™, polyICLC (Hiltonol®) and imiquimod were given a month apart, providing a shorter and, therefore, more practical protocol. Both trials incorporated a booster immunization given up to 5 months after the primary course. A key finding was that devils in the second trial responded more quickly and maintained their antibody levels for longer compared to devils in the first trial. The different adjuvant combination incorporating the RNAase resistant polyICLC and imiquimod used in the second trial is likely to be responsible. The seroconversion in the majority of devils in these anti-DFTD immunization trials was remarkable, especially as DFTD is hallmarked by its immune evasion mechanisms. Microsatellite analyzes of MHC revealed that some MHC-I microsatellites correlated to stronger immune responses. These trials signify the first step in the long-term objective of releasing devils with immunity to DFTD into the wild.
BASE
In: Marine policy, Volume 51, p. 148-150
ISSN: 0308-597X