Suchergebnisse

AbstractThis examination of local government reform in The Gambia asserts that – contra Mamdani's (1996) generalisations that colonial policies of indirect rule in Africa universally determined that ethnicity is the master code through which ordinary people interact with local manifestations of the state – in some cases colonial administration contributed to more pluralist local politics. Further, I argue that the logics of developmentalism have joined with local models of political legitimacy to generate communities that actively choose to define themselves explicitly as multiethnic entities. My case study focuses on the process conducted in one village of drafting a constitution for its Village Development Committee in anticipation of the Local Government Act of 2000. That a local community took advantage of such a critical juncture to reassert its own moral order is not surprising; however, that this local moral order explicitly recognises and protects ethnic diversity runs counter to dominant narratives about Africa that equate ethnic diversity with conflict.

The focus of this thesis is on Crown sentencing appeals in New South Wales where, since the 1980s, there has been a consistently high success rate combined with an upward trend in the number of Crown appeals. The thesis critically analyses the orthodox judicial approach to Crown sentencing appeals. This orthodoxy states that such appeals 'should be a rarity' and that appellate courts ought to show restraint when considering increasing a sentence on a successful Crown appeal. The leading High Court authority of Griffiths v The Queen (1977) has dominated Australian case law. It established this rarity and restraint doctrine, but statistics cast doubt on its practical application. This thesis reveals that Griffiths needs to be re-assessed for a number of reasons. For one, it appears that its rarity doctrine was an overreaction to a highly politicised and anomalous 'Spike' in the number of Crown sentencing appeals occurring in New South Wales in the mid-1970s. This Spike disturbed the previously consistently small number of Crown appeals in that State (and Australia-wide) and seems to have alarmed the High Court. The Spike occurred ahead of a State election in which law and order issues were prominent and, at a time when the Attorney-General alone, a political officer holder, had the power to institute a Crown appeal and appeared to suddenly do so in an aberrant, but short-lived, way. Ever since, the Griffiths rarity statement has had a profound and jarring influence on the theoretical position of the law with respect to Crown sentencing appeals. Since the mid-1980s appeal decisions are exercised by a politically-independent DPP. In addition, New South Wales sentencing law has increased massively in complexity making judicial sentencing decisions far more prone to error than in the past. For this reason alone, it is not surprising that after decades of very few Crown appeals, they are now prevalent. The thesis tracks the divergence of doctrinal orthodoxy and actual practice and explores how the law's attitude to ...

This report - Part 1: Socio-economic impacts of moorland activities in Scotland is part of a larger, multipart study commissioned by the Scottish Government to Assess Socioeconomic and Biodiversity Impacts of Driven Grouse Moors and to understand the Rights of Gamekeepers. 3. The key objectives which Part 1 of this Phase 2 research aimed to address were to: i) Examine the extent and impact of economic connections between grouse shooting estates and surrounding businesses and communities; and ii) Evaluate the socioeconomic impacts of alternative land uses for moorland and how they compare against land used for grouse shooting.

Profile change in edentulous patients is a commonly observed phenomenon. It seems that the profile becomes more concave, either by loss of lip support or increased mandibular prognathism. It has been reported that the dentures migrate forward with time1; therefore, loss of lip support cannot be a significant contributor to the increased convexity of the profile. Changes that take place over a period of time in the mandibular posture have also been reported.2–6 However, those studies did not attempt to relate these changes to individual patients' characteristics. It might be possible that a particular skeletal pattern could affect the mandibular posture. Therefore, this report will deal with the influence of the skeletal pattern on mandibular prognathism as determined from cephalomet‐ric films.

This report - Part 2. The Employment Rights of Gamekeepers - is part of a larger, multipart study commissioned by the Scottish Government to Assess Socioeconomic and Biodiversity Impacts of Driven Grouse Moors and to understand the Rights of Gamekeepers. The report delivers to a Scottish Government commitment to undertake "work in relation to protecting gamekeepers' employment and other rights", this report provides evidence on the working lives and employment rights and benefits of gamekeepers, stalkers and ghillies across Scotland, with key findings specific to the driven grouse sector drawn out where appropriate.