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We derived 10 best fit regression equations for estimating body fat mass in maned duck carcasses.
Body fat can be estimated from abdominal fat mass (females, R*2=0.86; males, R*2=0.81), percentage
water (combined sexes, R2=0.83), and the Child-Marshall index (combined sexes, R*2=0.91). We
recommend that body fat be estimated by the Child-Marshall equation where carcasses can be dried,
and by abdominal fat equations otherwise.

Body weights and fat levels of non-breeding maned ducks on the southern tablelands of New South
Wales and in the Australian Capital Territory were high during spring and summer, and low during
autumn and winter. During the non-breeding season, paired females were fatter than unpaired females
but fat levels of paired and unpaired males did not differ. Protein levels of females did not vary
significantly with season, but protein levels of males were lower in winter. Females undergoing rapid
follicle development before laying were fatter than non-breeding birds in the same months. Before
laying, females stored fat but not protein for egg production. They used 44% of their pre-laying fat
while laying, and a further 47% of the body fat present at the beginning of incubation was used
during it. Laying and incubating maned ducks, and ducks with young, were less fat than non-breeding
birds in the same months. Body condition of maned ducks was related to food availability, whether
breeding or not, to the stage of breeding, and in females to pair status.

This is the final version. Available from Wiley-Blackwell via the DOI in this record. ; Tropical forests and peatlands provide important ecological, climate and socio‐economic benefits from the local to the global scale. However, these ecosystems and their associated benefits are threatened by anthropogenic activities, including agricultural conversion, timber harvesting, peatland drainage and associated fire. Here, we identify key challenges, and provide potential solutions and future directions to meet forest and peatland conservation and restoration goals in Indonesia, with a particular focus on Kalimantan. Through a round‐table, dual‐language workshop discussion and literature evaluation, we recognized 59 political, economic, legal, social, logistical and research challenges, for which five key underlying factors were identified. These challenges relate to the 3Rs adopted by the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency (Rewetting, Revegetation and Revitalization), plus a fourth R that we suggest is essential to incorporate into (peatland) conservation planning: Reducing Fires. Our analysis suggests that (a) all challenges have potential for impact on activities under all 4Rs, and many are inter‐dependent and mutually reinforcing, implying that narrowly focused solutions are likely to carry a higher risk of failure; (b) addressing challenges relating to Rewetting and Reducing Fire is critical for achieving goals in all 4Rs, as is considering the local socio‐political situation and acquiring local government and community support; and (c) the suite of challenges faced, and thus conservation interventions required to address these, will be unique to each project, depending on its goals and prevailing local environmental, social and political conditions. With this in mind, we propose an eight‐step adaptive management framework, which could support projects in both Indonesia and other tropical areas to identify and overcome their specific conservation and restoration challenges. ; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) ; Borneo Nature Foundation ; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

Tropical forests and peatlands provide important ecological, climate and socio‐economic benefits from the local to the global scale. However, these ecosystems and their associated benefits are threatened by anthropogenic activities, including agricultural conversion, timber harvesting, peatland drainage and associated fire. Here, we identify key challenges, and provide potential solutions and future directions to meet forest and peatland conservation and restoration goals in Indonesia, with a particular focus on Kalimantan. Through a round‐table, dual‐language workshop discussion and literature evaluation, we recognized 59 political, economic, legal, social, logistical and research challenges, for which five key underlying factors were identified. These challenges relate to the 3Rs adopted by the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency (Rewetting, Revegetation and Revitalization), plus a fourth R that we suggest is essential to incorporate into (peatland) conservation planning: Reducing Fires. Our analysis suggests that (a) all challenges have potential for impact on activities under all 4Rs, and many are inter‐dependent and mutually reinforcing, implying that narrowly focused solutions are likely to carry a higher risk of failure; (b) addressing challenges relating to Rewetting and Reducing Fire is critical for achieving goals in all 4Rs, as is considering the local socio‐political situation and acquiring local government and community support; and (c) the suite of challenges faced, and thus conservation interventions required to address these, will be unique to each project, depending on its goals and prevailing local environmental, social and political conditions. With this in mind, we propose an eight‐step adaptive management framework, which could support projects in both Indonesia and other tropical areas to identify and overcome their specific conservation and restoration challenges.