Suchergebnisse

"This book analyses the international development of the census by comparing the history of census taking on all continents and in many countries. The timeframe is wide, from male censuses in the Bible to current censuses covering the whole population. There is a focus on the efforts and destinies of census takers and the development of methods used to collect information into the census questionnaires. The book highlights international cooperation in census taking, as well as how computerized access to census data facilitates genealogical studies and statistical research on both historical and contemporary societies. It deals with such questions as "Why did the French and British gentry block efforts at census taking in the 18th century?"; "What role did German censuses play during Holocaust?"; Why were the Soviet census directors executed as part of the Moscow processes?"; "Why did US states sue the Census Bureau in the 1970s?"; "How do wars and revolutions affect census taking?". The text ends by discussing whether the days of the population census as we know it are numbered, since countries exceedingly construct censuses by combining information from population registers rather than with questionnaires."--Provided by publisher

This article studies the stories of Russian citizens who were born in Germany but reside in Russia. Most of them had relocated to Russia as a result of the withdrawal of Russian troops from Germany after 1990. Analysing individual data from the 2002 and 2010 censuses, the author traces the lives of children born into the families of Soviet military men based in East Germany after World War II. Over 140,000 such migrants can be found in the 2002 census, far more than from any other country that was not part of the Soviet Union. Repatriation was accomplished from 1991 to 1994; and even though Germany financed part of the operation, it was necessary to solve the problems of accommodation and employment of the military men and their families locally. As a result of the study, the author manages to determine the territories inhabited by Russians born in Germany in the early twenty-first century. The number of people among them who speak foreign languages and have post-secondary education is higher than average, which testifies to the fact that the joint effort of the two countries was more beneficial for the future of the people born in Germany than might have been expected. The competence and education they acquired, together with the social networks between those repatriated, added significantly to their human capital and their contributions to Russian society.

Both the completed transcription of our emigration protocols and the construction of the Norwegian national Historical Population Register, among other developments, make an article about methods for studying emigration from Norway through the last couple of centuries topical. This article starts by discussing the Norwegian and American sources through which we can identify the emigrants' absence from Norway. In particular, it focuses attention on groups that are difficult to follow because of international migration, and the consequences this has for emigration statistics. A key issue for further research is the degree to which emigration and return migration are reflected in the population registry.

The research project "The Asymmetric Neighbourhood: Norway and Russia 1814–2014" has published two volumes on the history of the relations between Russia and Norway, the first of which, encompassing the period to 1917, is reviewed here. This is a comprehensive publication, covering most aspects of the history of contacts between the two countries. The relations have generally been peaceful, with informal or formal alliances both in the Great Northern War and the Second World War, while boundary issues and questions of sovereignty over Arctic territories have been settled through negotiations. Some of the background for this is the complementary trade relations along the northern coasts, but the relative disinterest in northern areas on the Russian side and common foreign enemies should also be stressed. Much space is naturally devoted to foreign and ethnic politics, but the social history on aspects like Norwegian immigration to the Kola Peninsula may be the highlight of the book, together with the plentiful illustrations. However, quantitative aspects, such as the sizes of different population groups, have been put on the back burner. The editing together of the illustrations and contributions from seventeen authors is exemplary, making the book a delight to read from both aesthetic and scholarly points of view. ; Исследовательский проект «Асимметричное соседство: Россия и Норвегия, 1814–2014» опубликовал книгу по истории российско-норвежских отношений, первый из двух томов которой рецензируется в данной статье и освещает период до 1917 г. Это многосторонний труд, затрагивающий большинство аспектов истории контактов между названными странами. В целом их отношения были мирными и сопровождались формальным сотрудничеством как во время Северной, так и во время Второй мировой войны, тогда как вопросы о границах и территориальных притязаниях обеих стран в Арктике решались путем переговоров. В книге приводятся сведения о торговле между Норвегией и Россией вдоль северных побережий, однако отмечается, что с российской стороны существенного интереса к северным территориям не было. Издание повествует и об общих врагах Норвегии и России. Значительное внимание по понятным причинам уделяется внешней и этнической политике, но на передний план выходит социальная история, в частности, иммиграция норвежцев на Кольский полуостров. Книга снабжена большим количеством иллюстраций, но, хотя статистических данных, таких как, например, численность различных групп населения, приводится сравнительно немного, высокопрофессиональная редакторская работа, позволившая свести воедино все иллюстрации и тексты семнадцати авторов, делает книгу ценной как с эстетической, так и с научной точки зрения.

This article aims to clarify the scope of questions about religion in population censuses, and attempts to explain why such questions were included or left out of censuses taken in different nations and periods. The quantitative aspect is a fundamental question for students of religion interested in knowing where it is possible to rely on statistics about the size of confessional groups and their basic characteristics. A common use of the census in connection with religion has been to create aggregates about the size of different congregations by nation, and to cross-tabulate this with other variables such as gender, occupations, ethnicity, or regions. Enumerations with questions about religion were performed in many countries from the mid-nineteenth century, but questions about religious affiliation never entered the US censuses, and were left out of most censuses in many other countries as is indicated in the map in figure 1. We shall try to clarify how pressure was put on statistical bureaus, parliaments, and governments to promote or hinder the inclusion of questions about religion.

'Um Variablen wie 'Ethnizität' als unabhängige Variable etwa in demographischen Analysen verwenden zu können, müssen sie über die Zeit und verschiedene Länder hinweg einheitlich klassifiziert sein. Am Beispiel der Messung der Ethnizität in norwegischen Volkszählungen zeigt der Beitrag, dass man bei prozessproduzierten Daten nicht notwendig von der räumlichen und zeitlichen Stabilität der Messinstrumente ausgehen kann. Hierauf aufbauend diskutiert der Beitrag Ursachen für diese Inkompatibilitäten und macht einen Vorschlag zur Harmonisierung der Daten.' (Autorenreferat)

This article considers national censuses in the US, France, and Russia based on new principles and held after their respective revolutions. The authors aim to find out to what extent the authorities succeeded in following enumeration procedures based on international regulations. It is demonstrated that a census is a dialectical process involving the state and the population, requiring reciprocal trust. France had no experience of organising censuses with the exception of those in the country's American colonies. The gentry wanted to keep control over their lands and would not share information about their population with the central authorities. In postrevolutionary France, the census held during the Jacobin terror was not entirely successful, with the state bureaucracy not being strong enough to organise a coherent census and different revolutionary committees taking uncoordinated measures to register the population. The US, however, had had a number of censuses organised by the British prior to the War of Independence. The first census in the United States was held in 1790 in compliance with the Constitution. As a result, the US has held censuses at decadal intervals ever since, but it faced a number of problems for a considerable amount of time, especially concerning the registering of racial minorities. Russia was at an advantage in that respect since it held the first all-Russian census in 1897 in addition to local censuses and census-like tax revisions. The first all-Soviet census organised after the Revolution and Civil War in 1926 was successful, especially among the ethnic minorities in the polar parts of the country. However, the 1937 census became part of repression measures, with detrimental consequences for the census and census takers alike. The US and Soviet censuses census organised after their respective revolutions were successful: in the former, the census created enthusiasm because it was regarded as an instrument to make the new democracy work, while in the Soviet Union of the 1920s, the census was perceived as a prerequisite for the social and economic modernisation of the new state. ; Рассмотрены всеобщие национальные переписи населения в США, Франции и России, проведенные после окончания революций, повлекших кардинальные изменения в обществе, и организованные по новым принципам. Авторы исследуют вопрос о том, в какой степени каждой из них удалось провести регистрацию населения в соответствии с новыми международными правилами. Показано, что перепись населения – диалектический процесс, требующий доверия и взаимодействия между властями и населением. Во Франции не было опыта организации переписей, за исключением тех, что были осуществлены в их американских колониях. Дворяне стремились сохранить полный контроль в своих землях и не желали делиться информацией о населении с центральной властью. Не вполне удалась послереволюционная перепись населения во Франции, проведенная в условиях террора якобинцев. Государственная бюрократия была слишком слаба, и многочисленные революционные комитеты проводили нескоординированные действия по регистрации населения. В США к началу Войны за независимость прошло несколько переписей, организованных британцами. Первая перепись здесь была проведена в 1790 г., через несколько лет после окончания войны, в соответствии с решением, записанным в Конституции. С тех пор переписи населения в стране проходят регулярно с десятилетним интервалом, однако проблемы качества их проведения сохранялись достаточно долго, особенно в части регистрации расовых меньшинств. Россия имела явное преимущество, обладая опытом проведения Первой общероссийской переписи 1897 г., а до нее – организации городских переписей и ревизий населения. Первая перепись населения в Советском Союзе, проведенная после окончания революции и Гражданской войны в 1926 г., была вполне успешной, особенно Приполярная перепись этнических меньшинств в северных районах страны. Однако следующая за ней Всесоюзная перепись 1937 г. стала частью репрессивной политики, повлекшей пагубные последствия как для ее результатов, так и для переписчиков. Послереволюционные переписи населения в США и Советском Союзе были вполне успешными. В США ее приняли с большим энтузиазмом как необходимый инструмент утверждавшейся демократии, а в Советском Союзе – как предпосылку социально-экономической модернизации нового государства.

The Historical Population Register (HPR) of Norway gives rise to new research opportunities on a large array of topics spanning medicine, social sciences and humanities. This introductory article outlines the contents of the register, the periods it covers, and its use, particularly with respect to the study of geographic mobility. This article introduces the articles in this issue, which concentrate on the emigration to the US and the returnee emigrants.