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AbstrakRadikalisme adalah salah satu akar penyebab utama dari aksi terorisme. Radikalisasi pada kalangan masyarakat umum menjadi ancaman serius bagi stabilitas keamanan nasional. Masyarakat saat ini rentan menjadi sasaran perekrutan kelompok-kelompok radikal, pembentukan jaringan kelompok radikal transnasional, pengarahan tindak kekerasan dan terorisme bahkan melalui radikalisasi diri sendiri. Kurangnya kepedulian dan sistem pengawasan di dalam komunitas masyarakat dianggap juga menjadi katalisator radikalisme. Karena hal itulah, ketahanan komunitas terhadap ancaman terorisme dan radikalisme merupakan aspek penting dalam berhasilnya kontra-radikalisasi di dalam suatu negara. Terlebih jika komunitas yang berada di dalam suatu negara merupakan komunitas yang pluralistik dan memiliki budaya, bahasa, dan agama yang berbeda. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran komunitas dan mengemukakan pentingnya ketahanan dalam komunitas dalam usaha memerangi terorisme. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagai bagian dari kontra-terorisme, pemerintah harus mengadopsi prinsip, "adanya strategi lebih baik ada dibanding tidak ada sama sekali" jika terkait dengan kerjasama bersama komunitas. Selain itu pemerintah harus dapat berinvestasi secara tepat untuk membangun pengetahuan masyarakat terhadap terorisme. Selanjutnya pemerintah juga perlu untuk memfokuskan kembali pada tujuan akhir pemberantasan terorisme pada deradikalisasi dan hal ini harus dilakukan terpisah dari sifat aksi hulu yang dilakukan komunitas. Terakhir, komunitas harus dipayungi organisasi besar yang merupakan perpanjangan dari program pemerintah yang mengajak masyarakat untuk fokus pada upaya memperkuat ketahanan dan kapasitas semua lini masyarakat yang dianggap rapuh.Kata kunci: Amerika Serikat, Inggris, Kontra terorisme, Peran komunitas AbstractRadicalism is one of the main root causes of acts of terrorism. Radicalization among the society poses a serious threat to the stability of national security. Communities today are vulnerable to the recruitment of radical groups, the formation of radical networks of transnational radicals, the directing of acts of violence and terrorism even through self-radicalization. Lack of awareness within the community and absence of monitoring system from government are also considered to be a catalyst for radicalism. Because of this, community resilience to the threat of terrorism and radicalism is an important aspect of successful counter-radicalization within a country. Especially if the community within a country is a pluralistic community and has different cultures, languages and religions. This paper aims to analyze the role of the community and highlight the importance of community resilience in the fight against terrorism. The results show that as part of counter-terrorism, the government should adopt the principle, "the existence of suffice strategy is better than nothing at all" particularly when it is related to community resilience. In addition, the government should be able to invest properly to build public knowledge of terrorism. Furthermore, the government also needs to refocus on ultimate goals of eradicating terrorism and deradicalisation and this should be done separately from the nature of the upstream action of the community. Finally, the community must be protected by a larger organization that is an extension of a government program that calls on communities to focus on strengthening the resilience and capacity of all fragile communities.Keywords: Community Resilience, Counterterrorism, United Kingdom, United States

This paper argues that bilateral arrangements among ASEAN countries are no longer enough to address the convergence of non-traditional threats, primarily due to porous borders in Southeast Asia region. Hence, fighting terrorism by securing maritime border through ASEAN border cooperation is seen as a useful measure to respond the issue. This paper aims to observe non-traditional threat posed from the maritime boundary, specifically from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines border which each of the government has agreed on Defense and Security Agreement Framework in the past few years. The FTF returnees and the existential threat of terrorism in each ASEAN countries have eventually carried a new agenda for ASEAN countries in securing the border. This paper then analyses the result of the Trilateral Meeting that depicts the commitment of these countries in tackling FTF as the growing security challenges in the region. This paper also considers the effectiveness of the Trilateral Agreement in combating non-traditional threats including terrorism.

The presence of foreign terrorist fighters (FTF) in armed conflicts pose a series of problems for third countries, they become involved even though their country is not one of the warring parties. FTF cannot be ignored because of its association with the activities of international terrorist networks. The paper begins with a brief overview on how FTF is becoming a burning issue in Indonesia's national security. This paper argues that, globalization has played part in terms of making terrorism and radicalization spread easily throughout the world, including Indonesia. Hence, fighting terrorism in both the traditional or contemporary forms is not an easy task anymore. While tackling any practices of terrorism and radicalism is a main priority for many countries around the world, the growing number of FTF in recent years is a clear impact of unfinished government's effort of fighting terrorism that already growing beyond borders. This paper use qualitative method and the data analysis was undertaken using phenomenology approach. This paper then reflects the complexity of how Indonesia facing its citizen who come back to the country as ISIS returning fighters. It concludes by analyzing the problem of fighting FTF returnees in Indonesia and suggesting how dealing with FTF returnees can be more effective by considering both domestic and regional factors.

Abstrak -- Strategi penjagaan perbatasan laut Indonesia-Filipina di Kepulauan Nusa Utara selama ini pelaksanaannya dalam pencegahan, penindakan dann pemulihan belum optimal dikarenakan kurang mengidentifikasi ancaman nyata, tidak nyata dan hibrid. Penggunaan strategi yaitu pencegahan, penindakan dan pemulihan serta kerjasama mengatasi ancaman ini berupa kerjasama intelijen, diplomasi dan operasi terhambat adanya keterbatasan personel, persenjataan, perlengkapan, alat komunikasi, bahan bakar minyak dan anggaran dalam pembangunan kekuatan, kemampuan dan gelar pasukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mewujudkan strategi pencegahan ancaman insurjensi di sulawesi utara baik insurjen Filipina maupun Indonesia. Teknik analisis data menggunakan reduction, displays dan menarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan: Pertama, faktor ancaman insurjensi di sulawesi utara berupa ancaman nyata dari militer Filipina, ancaman tidak nyata dari insurjen Filipina dan Indonesia serta kegiatan illegal masyarakat sapi pisang kedua negara, ancaman hybrid dari negara ketiga yang mendukung insurjensi. Kedua, strategi pencegahan melakukan tukar informasi, strategi penindakan hukum terhadap pelanggar kedaulatan dan kegiatan illegal serta penenggelaman kapal / penembakan langsung. Strategi pemulihan melakukan penjagaan terhadap pembangunan nasional dan stabilitas keamanan wilayah. Ketiga, kerjasama intelijen dengan meningkatkan peran forum kominda, kerjasama diplomasi meningkatkan diplomasi secara internasional dan nasional, kerjasama operasi dengan melakukan patroli keamanan bersama, pengiriman pendidikan, latihan dan personel yang bertugas di bawah Persatuan Bangsa – Bangsa (PBB).Kata kunci: Strategi, Perbatasan, Ancaman dan Insurjensi. Abstract -- Indonesia-Philippines marine border guarding strategy in the Nusa Tenggara Islands has been implemented in prevention, recovery and recovery has not been optimal due to lack of identifying real, unreal and hybrid threats. The use of strategies such as prevention, prosecution and restoration and cooperation to overcome these threats in the form of intelligence, diplomacy and operations are hampered by the limitations of personnel, weaponry, equipment, communication equipment, fuel oil and budget in the development of force, capability and degree of troops. The purpose of this research is to realize the prevention threat insurrency strategy in North Sulawesi, both Filipino and Indonesian insurers. The results of this study conclude: First, insurrection threat factor in north Sulawesi in the form of real threat from the philippine military, the unreal threats of philippine and Indonesian insurers as well as the illegal activity of banana cattle community of both countries, hybrid threat from third countries that support insurrency. Second, prevention strategies for information exchange, legal action strategies against sovereign offenders and illegal activities as well as sinking of ships / direct shootings. The recovery strategy safeguards national development and regional security stability. Third, intelligence cooperation by enhancing the role of the forum of kominda, diplomacy cooperation to increase diplomacy internationally and nationally, cooperation cooperation by conducting joint security patrol, delivery of education, training and personnel under UN duty.Keywords: Strategy, Border, Threat and Insurgency.

Abstrak -- Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah bahwa e-government merupakan sebuah sistem administrasi pemerintahan yang sangat vital peranannya dalam komunikasi global internasional, dan sangat menentukan kemajuan dari sebuah negara. Namun demikian, sistem administrasi pemerintahan yang memanfaatkan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi tersebut juga mengundang ancaman terutama ancaman yang berasal dari ranah siber. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan menganalisis strategi E-government Brunei Darussalam dalam menanggulangi ancaman siber. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif disertai data-data yang didapatkan dari hasil paparan dan juga wawancara selama kunjungan Kuliah Kerja Luar Negeri di Brunei Darussalam oleh perwakilan Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT), IT Protective Security Services (ITPSS), dan Prime Ministre Office (PMO) Brunei Darussalam, yang merupakan subjek penelitian terkait strategi e-government Brunei Darussalam dalam menanggulangi ancaman siber. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa strategi e-government Brunei Darussalam dalam menanggulangi ancaman cyber ancaman cyber dilaksanakan secara bertahap yaitu diawali dengan penetapan aturan hukum mengenai penyalahgunaan komputer pada tahun 2000, diikuti dengan pendirian Tim Tanggap Darurat Komputer Nasional Brunei (BruCERT) pada tahun 2004, pengenalan Program Kewaspadaan Etika Internet dan Cyber Security pada tahun 2009, dan pengembangan kerangka keamanan siber nasional pada tahun 2014. Semua terintegrasi dalam satu kebijakan bersama yang disebut sebagai Wawasan Brunei 2035. Sehingga, peran serta aktif dan juga strategi yang berkesinambungan dari pemerintah Indonesia dalam penyelenggaraan e-government tersebut akan sangat menentukan masa depan Indonesia di masa yang akan datang. Kata kunci: e-government, Brunei, ancaman siber Abstract -- The background of this study is that e-government is a government administration system that is vital to its role in international global communication, and greatly determines the progress of a country. However, the government administration system that utilizes Information and Communication Technology also invites threats, especially threats originating from cyberspace. This research was carried out with the aim of analyzing Brunei Darussalam's E-government strategy in overcoming cyber threats. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods accompanied by data obtained from the presentations and interviews during the overseas field study visits in Brunei Darussalam by the representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT), IT Protective Security Services (ITPSS), and the Prime Ministers Office (PMO) of Brunei Darussalam, which is the subject of research related to Brunei Darussalam's e-government strategy in overcoming cyber threats. The results of this study indicate that the Brunei Darussalam e-government strategy in overcoming cyber threats was carried out in stages, beginning with the establishment of a legal rule on computer abuse in 2000, followed by the establishment of the Brunei National Computer Emergency Response Team (BruCERT) in 2004, introduction of the Internet Ethics and Cyber Security Awareness Program in 2009, and the development of a national cyber security framework in 2014. All are integrated into a common policy called as Wawasan Brunei 2035. Thus, active participation as well as a sustainable strategy of the Indonesian government in implementing e-government will determine the future of Indonesia in the future.Keywords: e-government, Brunei, cyber threat

E-Government is a government administration system that plays a vital role in the international global communication, and greatly determines the progress of a state. However, the government administration system that utilizes Information and Communication Technology may be exposed to threats, especially threats originating from cyberspace. This research was carried out with the aim to analyze Brunei Darussalam's E-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods accompanied by data obtained from the presentations and interviews during the overseas field study visits in Brunei Darussalam by the representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT), IT Protective Security Services (ITPSS), and the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) of Brunei Darussalam, as part of a research related to Brunei Darussalam's e-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats. The results of this study indicate that the Brunei Darussalam's e-Government strategy in overcoming cyber threats was carried out by focusing on citizen-centric service delivery in stages. It begins with the establishment of a law on computer abuse in 2000, followed by the establishment of Brunei National Computer Emergency Response Team (BruCERT) in 2004, introduction of Internet Ethics and Cyber Security Awareness Program in 2009, and the development of a national cyber security framework in 2014. All are integrated into a common policy coined as Brunei Insight 2035. This can be an input for the implementation of e-Government in Indonesia, in order to improve the equality and openness of access to information and communication in Indonesia, without neglecting the principles of security and comfort in communicating and obtaining information.