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10.24139/2312-5993/2021.01/353-365. The article highlights the structure and content of higher choreographic education in Poland and Germany. Based on the terminological analysis and interpretation of scientific thought, the content of basic concepts is revealed and higher choreographic education in Poland and Germany is characterized as a branch of art education, which is implemented in the system of higher education institutions (higher schools of dance, higher art schools, academies, professional studios, universities of arts and sports, classical universities) and within which professional training of future performers, teachers-choreographers, balletmasters, stage producers, cultural workers is carried out. The results of comparative and structural analysis have shown that the structure of higher choreographic education in Poland includes: one university, two academies, four higher schools, four professional studios. Instead, two higher schools of dance, six higher art schools, two universities of arts and one sports university, two classical universities make up the structure of higher choreographic education in Germany. It is found out that content of higher choreographic education of the countries of the European Union, in particular Poland and Germany, includes bachelor's and master's programs in the newest specialties that meet modern requirements. ; У статті висвітлено структурно-змістові особливості вищої хореографічної освіти в Польщі та Німеччині. На основі термінологічного аналізу та інтерпретації наукової думки розкрито зміст базових понять і схарактеризовано вищу хореографічну освіту в Польщі та Німеччині як галузь мистецької освіти, що реалізується в системі закладів вищої освіти (вищі школи танця, вищі мистецькі школи, академії, професійні студіуми, університети мистецтв і спорту, університети) і в межах якої здійснюється професійна підготовка майбутніх артистів-виконавців, педагогів-хореографів, балетмейстерів-постановників, працівників культури. Застосування порівняльно-зіставного та структурного аналізу доводять, що до структури вищої хореографічної освіти Польщі належать: один університет, дві академії, чотири вищі школи, чотири професійні студіуми. Натомість, дві вищі школи танцю, шість вищих мистецьких шкіл, два університети мистецтв і один спортивний університет, два класичні університети складають структуру вищої хореографічної освіти в Німеччині. Установлено, що зміст вищої хореографічної освіти країн Європейського Союзу, зокрема Польщі та Німеччини, відзначається бакалаврськими й магістерськими програмами за новітніми спеціальностями, які відповідають запитам сьогодення.

The paper analyzes various issues relating to criminal liability for insulting and defaming a public official in several jurisdictions. The objective of this study was to clarify, by comparative reference to the criminal laws of various countries, whether insult and defamation constitute a crime or are perceived as non-criminal conduct. Based on the provisions of criminal legislation and international case law, as well as the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the fine line between the fundamental principle of freedom of expression and abusive insults (defamation) has been demonstrated. It has been concluded that both public officials and private citizens can be victims of defamation and insult, which can give rise to criminal liability in some states. The specific models of such liability differ significantly. Based on our analysis of legislative and enforcement approaches in various jurisdictions, it is concluded that some countries vigorously protect both public officials and lay citizens from insult and defamation, while other states rely more on the broad principle of "freedom of expression".

The functioning of passenger transport systems should provide necessary quality of passenger service. The results of this research have shown possibility to increase the quality of urban public transport via influence on the driver's state due to the rational schedule planning. The state change patterns of drivers during the idle time on the final and intermediate bus stops were formalized, based on field observations. The following conclusion was made: decreasing of driver's body stress takes place during the idle time on the route stops. The intensity of decreasing of driver's body stress is inversely proportional to the meaning of activity index of driver's regulatory systems before the start of standing time. Consequently, the duration of idle time must be differentiated depending on the value of the indicator of activity of driver's regulatory systems before the start of standing time, which is influenced by the working conditions. ECG method was used for assessing driver's fatigue in elements of transportation process. Comparative analysis of driver's state changes during the different types of idle time shows the comparability of the results of the study. Transportation management experts can use the research results in urban transport schedule planning and monitoring.

The paper discusses some emerging issues of criminal liability for assaults against public officials in various jurisdictions. Emphasis is placed both on the comparative approach to analyzing the relevant criminal statutes and on the specific legal framework for the protection of the life and health of law enforcement officers. Based on the provisions of statutory criminal law and the case law of several countries, it is shown that the life, health and property of law enforcement officers enjoy a higher level of protection. This is explained by the fact that such persons are direct representatives of the state, perform their duties in public, remain under public scrutiny and, therefore, may become an easier target for assault crimes. In the conclusions of the research, it has been argued that the determination of the legal grounds, scope and limits of protection of public officials by criminal law should be carried out at the national level (or state level in a federal jurisdiction), based on the orientations and principles of the domestic criminal law policy and program of a given nation.