Search results

During the Cold War constructing nuclear weapons was extremely expensive, which limited the possibility of having it, only to the world's economic powers. The first owners of the destructive, nuclear technology was: United States and Soviet Union. In the meantime of the US-Soviet nuclear technology race, the role of other countries continued to grow. In this second category race, initially, at the forefront was United Kingdom. This situation changed, when China and France joined the race. In subsequent years, the nuclear club expanded by Israel, India, Pakistan and South Africa and the nuclear weapons stockpile continued to grow, exceeding a level of more than 65,000 in 1986. It is said that nuclear potential saved global community from the U.S. and the Soviet Union using it against each other, instead triggering a substitute wars, in third world countries. However, declarative support for various nonproliferation initiatives, as it took place in the years 1945-1991, often do not have the impact on the reduction of the real threats of proliferation and usage of weapons of mass destruction. No doubt the nuclear potential developed by Islamic Republic of Iran, or Kim Jong-un's aspirations that are posing a threat to international security ; Podczas zimnej wojny skonstruowanie broni nuklearnej było bardzo kosztowne, co ograniczało możliwość jej posiadania tylko do potęg gospodarczych. Pierwszymi dysponentami destrukcyjnej technologii jądrowej były Stany Zjednoczone i ZSRR. Pomimo tego, w międzyczasie amerykańsko-radzieckiego wyścigu technologii jądrowej, rola innych krajów wciąż rosła. W tym wyścigu drugiej kategorii, początkowo, na czele stała Wielka Brytania. Sytuacja ta zmieniła się, gdy do wyścigu włączył się Pekin oraz Francja. W kolejnych latach do klub atomowego dołączyły: Izrael, Indie, Pakistan i RPA, a zasoby nuklearne wciąż rosły, by w 1986 roku przekroczyć poziom 65 tys. głowic. Mówi się, że to potencjał jądrowy uchronił jednak przed wzajemnym atakiem USA i Związek Radziecki, wywołując jednak wojny zastępcze, w państwach trzecich

The article presents research on the impact of the financial crisis between 2007-2009 and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 on the freight and passenger rail transport sector. Multidimensional comparative analyses were used in the study. The data obtained for the research were grouped. They were, then, compiled on categorized line and bar charts. The research shows that during the financial crisis between 2007-2009, a decrease in the number of transported goods by 48 488 thousand tons was observed. During the COVID-19 pandemic between 2019 and 2020, a decrease in the number of goods was also visible - by 15,363 tones. However, when considering the number of passengers transported, during the financial crisis between 2007-2009 in Poland there was an increase by 1,928 people and in the period of impact of COVID-19 in 2020 compared to 2019 a decrease by 130,270 passengers. When examining the rail passenger transport sector in Poland, a decrease in the number of employees by 385 was observed in the years 2003-2021. During the financial crisis between 2007-2009, the number of employees increased by 5,745 people, while during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, compared to 2019, it decreased by 109. In the case of the rail passenger transport sector in Poland, the number of employees oscillated around the arithmetic mean of 23,914 employees. Between 2003-2007, a downward trend can be observed, followed by a visible increase in 2008 and a downward trend in subsequent years.