Suchergebnisse

U radu se daje prikaz osnovnih izvora međunarodnog prava životne sredine kojima se reguliše upravljanje i zaštita prirodnih resursa. U uvodnom delu se ukazuje na izvesna metodološka pitanja i teškoće u definisanju pojma "prirodni resursi". Naglašava se značaj prirodnih resursa kao uzroka potencijalnih sukoba između država. Centralni deo rada je posvećen analizi međunarodno-pravnih okvira upravljanja i zaštite prirodnih resursa. Ukazuje se na činjenicu da se norme od značaja za prirodne resurse mogu pronaći u različitim oblastima međunarodnog prava (životna sredina, investicije, ljudska prava, humanitarno pravo, itd.). Posebno se analiziraju relevantni međunarodni ugovori u oblasti životne sredine. U drugom delu rada se razmatra sadržaj odredbi Globalnog pakta za životnu sredinu koje su od značaja za prirodne resurse. Osnovni cilj rada je ispitivanje odnosa međunarodnih ugovora u oblasti životne sredine prema prirodnim presursima. U radu se razmatra teza da upravljanje i zaštita prirodnih resursa nisu uređeni na celovit način i da Globalni pakt za životnu sredinu predstavlja jedan od pokušaja izgradnje integralnog pristupa zaštiti životne sredine, uključujući i prirodne resurse.

U uvodnom delu rada se daje pregled ključnih pitanja koja određuju opšti kontekst rasprave. Ukazuje se na kritično stanje vodnih resursa i različite dimenzije mogućih problema u ovoj oblasti. Posebno se skreće pažnja na vodni saobraćaj kao činilac koji doprinosi pogoršanju stanja vodnih resursa i stanja životne sredine u celini. Na primeru propisa u oblasti saobraćaja na unutrašnjim vodama i propisa u oblasti životne sredine Republike Srbije (RS), ukazuje se na otvorena normativna pitanja koja predstavljaju prepreku unapređenju stanja vodnih resursa. Analiziraju se propisi kojima se reguliše saobraćaj na unutrašnjim vodama sa stanovišta načina kako je regulisana zaštita životne sredine. Posebno se ukazuje na odredbe kojima se regulišu obaveze i prava različitih subjekata u pogledu mera za sprečavanje zagađivanja životne sredine, uključujući i upravljanje otpadom. Istovremeno, ukazuje se i na propise u oblasti životne sredine koji su od značaja za saobraćaj na unutrašnjim vodama. Takođe, daje se pregled najznačajnijih međunarodnih ugovora kojima se reguliše saobraćaj na unutrašnjim vodnim putevima i zaštita životne sredine. Osnovni cilj rada je sagledavanje načina kako je regulisana zaštita životne sredine u propisima koji regulišu saobraćaj na unutrašnjim vodama. Identifikuju se tačke preplitanja dva pravna režima (vodni saobraćaj i životna sredina) i ukazuje na otvorena pitanja i moguće slabosti u postojećem sistemu normi.

The aim of the paper is to identify common elements and differences in the
policies of the countries towards the achievement of the Paris Agreement on
Climate (PAC) targets. The introductory part of the paper highlights the
complexity, characteristics and importance of climate change as a global
problem, and suggests the methodological approach. The central part of the
paper is devoted to addressing the theoretical and normative aspects of
?climate justice?. The issue of ?equitable? participation of countries in
the fight against climate change (so-called climate justice) is discussed,
and, above all, the participation of states in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions. The relationship of countries to climate change is considered by
assessing their share of global GHG emissions and the climate vulnerability
index, on the one hand, and the targets they have set for reducing GHG
emissions under the PAC, on the other. Countries are grouped into five
groups: countries surrounding the Republic of Serbia (RS), countries whose
emission indicators are similar to those of the RS, countries with the
largest GHG emissions, countries with the smallest GHG emissions, and
countries most vulnerable to climate change. In conclusion, it can be said
that a double discrepancy (the discrepancy between the global target and the
national targets and within the national targets) exists. In addition,
certain common elements in the national targets for reducing GHG emissions
also exist. However, due to the lack of uniformity in the way the GHG
emission reduction targets are indicated, drawing firm conclusions is not
reliable. At the same time, this leaves some room for a more flexible
relationship in defining the national goals of the RS, with reservations
about the obligations associated with the EU membership candidacy.

The aim of the paper is to determine the characteristics of the foreign
policy of the Republic of Serbia (RS) based on the analysis of regulations
and strategic documents relevant for foreign policy. The first part of the
paper points out the general context of the discussion. In the second part of
the paper, an overview of the most important regulations and strategic
documents relevant to foreign policy is presented. The analysis shows that
key characteristics of the foreign policy of the RS are the ?Eurocentrism?
and (thus derived) ?Europeanization? as a process of reforming the legal and
political system of the RS. The author emphasizes the importance of the
foreign policy decision?making process. Two elements of the legislative
procedure are analyzed from the point of view of the possibility of public
participation in the decision?making processes. These are the following: 1)
ratification of the international treaties, and 2) the process of
harmonization of national regulations with EU regulations. The open issues
and ambiguities in the way of regulating these issues are emphasized. In
addition, in the legislative procedure, the regulatory impact assessment also
takes a special place. However, there are some open issues in the application
of the regulatory impact assessment. In conclusion, it is noted that the EU
membership is a key foreign policy objective of the RS with a strong
influence on the internal legal and political system. However, in the two
analyzed formal procedures which represent the elements of the foreign policy
of the RS (within the process of ?Europeanization?), guarantees for the
transparent implementation, i.e. effective public participation in their
implementation have not been contained. This can have a significant impact on
the quality of the activities which are being carried out and the results of
the process of ?Europeanization?, as a strategic foreign policy commitment of
the RS.

The paper points to some methodological and terminological dilemmas in
defining the framework of the research as well as the linkage of
environmental issues with other relevant issues. Based on the provisions
contained in the strategic documents and relevant sources of law there have
been analyzed factors that determine the place and the role of the
environment in the foreign policy and they are as follows: the state of the
environment, the policy objectives of the Republic Serbia (RS) in the
environmental field, powers for dealing with environmental issues, powers and
way of organizing foreign affairs, perspective of the RS membership in the
European Union (EU), global and regional challenges in the environmental
field, the place of international co-operation in environmental regulations,
membership in international organizations in the environmental field, the
status of the RS in international treaties in the environmental field, etc.
The second part of the paper emphasizes the possibilities of strengthening
the environmental role as a subject of co-operation in achieving certain
objectives in the foreign policy of the RS. The author argues the thesis that
the place and role of the environment in the foreign policy of the RS are not
defined in a clear and precise manner. However, it can be said that the
general framework is determined in large part by perspective of the RS
membership in the EU and specific regional and global issues in the
environmental field.

The paper considers the question of the position and role of developing
countries in the contemporary law and policy of climate change. The basic
thesis in this paper is that the position of developing countries is defined
in relevant international legal documents, but that significant differences
between individual categories of developing countries are not clearly
emphasized. In this sense, the first part of the paper is focused on the
problems of defining of the notion of developing countries. The second part
gives an overview of the specific rights and obligations of developing
countries within the framework of the existing system established by United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol. In
particular, it highlights the content and dilemmas in the interpretation of
the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. The third part
of the paper presents some common features of developing countries that are
of relevance for climate change. It provides an overview of some features and
elements of the policies of individual countries (members of non- Annex I,
small island countries, least developed countries and developing countries
which are the largest emitter of GHGs).

The paper points to the significance of some factors of international co-operation in the field of environment and sustainable development as a general framework for understanding of the fundamental goals in international co-operation of the Republic of Serbia (RS). It is especially pointed to the place and importance of the activities that are carried out in the European Union (EU), to the harmonisation of national legislation with EU legislation including regulations in the field of climate change, to the significance of international environmental agreements and various forms of global, regional, subregional and bilateral co-operation as well as to the co-operation with international financial institutions which are important for environment and sustainable development. The paper is based on the thesis that the fundamental goals in international co-operation of RS in the field of environment and sustainable development are mostly determined by the 'European perspective' of RS and in accordance with this, with global trends in the contemporary environmental and sustainable development policy and law. Opening the prospect of the EU membership (potential candidate status and the status of the candidate for EU membership) has resulted in the acceleration of the process of harmonisation of national legislation with the EU's as well as speeding up the process of ratification of the international treaties in the field of the environmental protection. Adapted from the source document.