Suchergebnisse

AbstractIn contrast to the majority of studies that have treated informal workers as a single homogeneous group, this article accounts for the possibility of "winners" and "losers" among informal workers. Applying unconditional quantile regressions to data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey, the authors are able to estimate the formal–informal wage gaps for different segments of the earnings distribution. Although the evidence confirms the existence of a substantial earnings penalty for many informal workers, there is also a group who earn roughly similar incomes to formal workers. The findings are consistent with Fields's (1990 and 2005) model of heterogeneous informal employment.

ResumenPartiendo de un modelo del empleo informal que presupone su heterogeneidad, los autores estiman la brecha salarial entre trabajadores formales e informales en diferentes segmentos de la distribución de ingresos mediante regresiones cuantílicas incondicionales estimadas con datos de la Encuesta de vida familiar de Indonesia. Confirman la considerable penalización de ingresos observada en estudios anteriores para muchos trabajadores informales, pero también la existencia de un grupo entre ellos cuyos ingresos son similares a los de los trabajadores formales. Estas estimaciones concuerdan con el modelo de segmentación del empleo informal de Fields (1990 y 2005).

RésuméDans la plupart des études, les travailleurs de l'économie informelle sont présentés comme un tout homogène. Les auteurs considèrent pourtant qu'il peut y avoir parmi eux des gagnants et des perdants. En utilisant des régressions quantiles sur distribution non conditionnelle et des données issues d'une enquête auprès des ménages indonésiens (IFLS), ils estiment l'écart de rémunération entre travailleurs formels et travailleurs informels à différents points de la répartition des gains. Ils montrent que la pénalité de revenu aux dépens des travailleurs informels, manifeste et sensible pour certains d'entre eux, n'est pas systématique, confirmant ainsi la thèse de Fields (1990 et 2005) sur l'emploi informel hétérogène.

Recent research has suggested that income, while playing a part in quality of life, may have only a limited impact on a multi-faceted concept such as social wellbeing. Using data from an Australian household survey (Living in Queensland Survey), a composite Wellbeing Index was created that covered objective circumstances, with known associations to wellbeing, evaluated from the individual's subjective viewpoint. The importance attributed to each dimension added to the robustness of the measure. The measure was then used to explore the impact of income on wellbeing using various specifications of income. The results indicate that while income is a statistically significant predictor, its effect on wellbeing is small compared with other socio-demographic variables such as health, marital status, employment status and age. The study contributes to the contemporary debate on social wellbeing and adds new evidence to a body of research that has been mainly based on European and American data.

Statisticians, policy makers and social researchers widely accept that there is a need to consider a more nuanced range of measures of quality of life that move beyond the economic domain and that take into account key aspects of an individual's life circumstances. Using data from an Australian household survey, a composite Wellbeing Index was created that covered objective circumstances, with known associations to wellbeing, evaluated from the individual's subjective viewpoint. The robustness of the measure comes from the fact that while covering a broad range of key dimensions, the index only includes the items deemed important components of wellbeing by a majority of respondents. The index was then used to explore the extent to which wellbeing is associated with other dimensions of quality of life that have currency in the contemporary literature. The study contributes to the contemporary debate on social wellbeing and adds new Australian evidence to a body of research that has been mainly based on European and American data.

ResumenPese a la evidencia de que la educación universitaria mejora las perspectivas laborales, preocupan sus desiguales rendimientos. Sobre los datos administrativos de toda la población de graduados en universidades australianas en el periodo 2005‐2011, se estudian las trayectorias laborales de los individuos procedentes de entornos sociales desfavorecidos (por estatus socioeconómico, migración, discapacidad, origen étnico y zona de residencia) en comparación con los más favorecidos, a lo largo de diez años. La heterogeneidad de la evolución de los ingresos laborales y la percepción de prestaciones por desempleo entre los graduados de distintos grupos es notable. Esto tiene hondas implicaciones para las políticas de equidad social.

RésuméS'il est de plus en plus établi que les études supérieures améliorent les perspectives professionnelles, l'inégalité de leur rendement suscite des inquiétudes croissantes. Les auteurs utilisent un nouveau jeu de données administratives couplées couvrant l'ensemble des étudiants diplômés d'une université australienne entre 2005 et 2011 pour comparer, sur dix ans, la trajectoire professionnelle de publics défavorisés à l'aune de différents critères (position socio‐économique, origine ethnique, lieu de résidence, migration, incapacité) à celle de leurs homologues favorisés. Ils constatent une grande hétérogénéité des trajectoires en termes de revenu et de perception de prestations sociales. Ces résultats ont d'importantes implications pour les politiques visant à améliorer l'équité sociale sur le marché du travail.

Despite mounting evidence that university participation enhances labour market prospects, there are growing concerns about its unequal returns. This study uses novel large‐scale linked administrative data covering the full population of individuals graduating from Australian universities over the 2005–11 period to examine the labour market trajectories of graduates from multiple disadvantaged social backgrounds (based on socio‐economic, migration and disability status, ethnicity and location) in comparison with their more advantaged peers, over a ten‐year observation window. The findings reveal substantial heterogeneity in the income and unemployment benefit receipt trajectories of graduates from different groups. This has important implications for labour market policies aimed at improving social equity.

AbstractDespite vibrant economic growth, the Philippines confronts persistently high income inequality. Using household‐level panel data collected for the years 2003, 2006 and 2009, we investigate how income segmentation affects Filipinos' income mobility prospects. The results of the multinomial logistic models suggest that if households are grouped according to initial income (in 2003), richer households had the lowest propensity to experience slow to moderate income changes and were most likely to experience consistently downward mobility from 2003 to 2009, while initially poorer households had the highest propensity to experience consistently upward mobility. On the other hand, if households are grouped according to permanent income, we still find that lower income households experienced (slightly) better income mobility outcomes; however, their edge over higher income households was much smaller than when initial income was used. This result could indicate that convergence on the basis of initial income may be in part random variation. The findings are robust to heuristic and model‐based methods of grouping households into different income segments.