Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe incidence of dizygotic (Dz) twinning can be used as an index of natural human fertility. A retrospective study was done at The Royal Women's Hospital, Australia, to see whether the dizygotic to monozygotic (Mz) twinning ratio from one hospital can accurately reflect the national incidence of Dz twinning. The yearly twinning incidence from 1947–1997 was expressed as a Dz:Mz ratio, standardised for maternal age and plotted against previously published national statistics. The proportion of mothers born in Asia (of both singleton and multiples) between 1983–1997 was analysed to see whether different racial mixes might influence twinning trends. There were 5275 twins born of known sex and maternal age between 1947–1997. The agestandardised Dz:Mz ratio increased non-significantly from 1.39 in 1947 to 2.29 in 1953 (P = 0.08), underwent a significant decline to 0.73 in 1977, then remained stable until 1997 (P > 0.05). The same trends were also apparent when the data was pooled into 2-year groups with the increase from 1947/48–1953/54 becoming highly significant (P < 0.009). These trends observed in the hospital-based data were in close agreement with those found in the national statistics, with the exception of a rise in 1977–1982 only reflected in the Australia-wide data. In 1993, 2.6% of mothers were born in Asian countries; by 1997, this had risen to 10.6%. We found that the Dz:Mz ratio from one hospital closely reflects national twinning trends. Prospective studies must account for race, and would need around 200–300 twin pairs per year to minimise fluctuations of the ratio. Twin Research (2000) 3, 12–16.

In this unique book the authors present, for the first time, information from over a hundred strategic police leaders in 22 countries about how they are selected for high office, how they are held to account and what their views are on current and future challenges in policing.

Abstract
This article explores perceptions of individuals involved in an early attempt to professionalize detective work in Kent, UK. In 2000, Kent Police developed a Strategic Policing Doctrine incorporating a learning and development strategy. These ideas resulted in a partnership between Kent Police and Canterbury Christ Church University producing the Advanced Detective Training (ADT) programme including a university qualification, the BSc (Hons) in Applied Criminal Investigation delivered between 2001 and 2006. This research, conducted in 2016, used semi-structured interviews with 27 participants including: trainers, academic staff, students, and the Chief Constable. The research revealed that there were challenges in the selection of candidates, use of the term 'advanced' in the programme title and the abstraction of ADT trainees. A very high proportion of ADT officers valued the 'training' part of the programme with the majority valuing the 'academic input'. This research provides a useful analysis of previous attempts to develop detective professionalization and accredited learning relevant for programme designers responding to the introduction of the Police Education Qualification Framework and direct entry and fast track detective training.

Introduction to policing research / Mark Brunger, Denise Martin & Steve Tong -- Beyond contrasting traditions in policing research? / Peter Squires -- Policing at a turning point : implications for research / Maurice Punch, Auke van Dijk & Frank Hoogewoning -- Conceptualising private policing / Alison Wakefield -- Policing and mental health / Kristina Massey -- Policing in northern ireland : research, meaning and lessons from a contested landscape / John Topping -- Researching professional development / Dominic Wood & Robin Bryant -- Watching the detectives : researching investigative practice / Katja Hallenburg, Martin O¿Neill & Steve Tong -- Inside policing -- Researching sexual violence / Emma Williams & Betsy Stanko -- From the briefing room to the class room : the pedagogical value of researching police elites / Mark Brunger, Bryn Caless, Steve Tong, & Paul Gilbert -- Policing protest : public order policing / Denise Martin & William Graham -- Outsiders inside: ethnography and police culture / Louise Westmarland -- Researching police diversity / Michael Rowe -- The ethics of researching the police : dilemmas and new directions / Layla Skinns, Andrew Wooff & Amy Sprawson -- Researching sexuality and policing : reflections from the field / Matthew Jones -- Conclusion: challenges and changes in police research / Denise Martin & Steve Tong

published_or_final_version ; Urban Studies ; Master ; Master of Social Sciences

How does society hold its police to account? It's a vital part of upholding law and liberty but changing modes of policing delivery and new technologies call for fresh thinking about the way we guard our guards. This much-needed new book from leading criminology professor Michael Rowe, part of the 'Key Themes in Policing' series, explores issues of governance, discipline and transparency. The landmark new study: • Showcases how social change and rising inequalities make it more difficult to ensure meaningful accountability; • Addresses the impact of Evidence-Based Policing strategies on the direction and control of officers; • Sets out a game-changing agenda for ensuring democratic and answerable policing. For policing students and practitioners, it's an essential guide to modern-day accountability

With debate about police ethics intensifying, this stimulating book considers afresh the fundamental role of officers and their relations with society. • It is a comprehensive and up-to-date introduction to ethical policing, taking a moral philosophical perspective to the evidence base and literature on the subject. • Leading contemporary thinker Dominic Wood tackles the ethical issues of policing as a matter of compliance and discipline and reviews them in the context of contemporary challenges in policing and the wider criminal justice framework. • From the parameters of moral policing to the role of human rights and to embedding ethics within police operations, this is a thorough overview of the subject of police ethics and legitimacy, and a springboard for further research and analysis. A timely contribution to discussions about the police and their legitimacy, this is essential reading for all those studying, teaching and leading the profession

Taking an evidence-based approach to understanding police culture, this thorough and accessible book critically reviews existing research and offers new insights on theories and definitions. Tom Cockcroft, an authority on the subject, addresses a range of contemporary issues including diversity, police reform and police professionalisation. This invaluable review: - Identifies and discusses differing conceptions of police culture; - Explores the contribution of different disciplinary and methodological approaches to our understanding of police culture; - Assesses how culture relates to many different operational aspects of policing; - Contextualises our understanding of police culture in relation to both contemporary police agendas and wider social change. For students, researchers and police officers alike, this is an accessible and timely appraisal of police culture