Suchergebnisse

AbstractSimilar to the rest of developing countries around the world, rural China has experienced rapid growth in the diversification and space expansion of their livelihood choices. However, little is known about the gender gap in the process of expanding. In this study, using the China Health and Nutrition Survey data from 1989 to 2015 and multilevel age, period, and cohort models, we examine the gender gap in livelihood choices of farming, local nonfarm, and distant nonfarming among rural residents over the period. Our study showed that women are constantly behind in taking nonfarming jobs compared with men, and there is no evidence of a convergence trend over time. Further analysis suggests that the family status of being married is the main obstacle for women to close the gap with men, while the gap between unmarried women and men has closed. When comparing the local vs. nonlocal nonfarming work, we found that the gender gap was resistant to close and has even slightly enlarged between married men and women over time. Our study has revealed a concerning trend for rural married women to close the gender gap in pursuing nonfarming occupations and expanding their space in livelihood choice in China.

AbstractObjectiveSchools are important conduits for the core American value of volunteerism. School peers influence each other's civic knowledge, engagement, and eventual identity. However, whether the influence of peers on volunteerism differs based on immigrant and/or ethnic background is largely unknown. We examine whether and how exposure to classmates born to non‐immigrant parents is associated with volunteering behavior in adulthood.MethodsUsing the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study employs a quasi‐experimental research design.ResultsWe find that a higher concentration of classmates from non‐immigrant families increases the likelihood of engaging in volunteer work in adulthood. This association is large and statistically significant only among children of immigrants, which suggests that school peer contexts facilitate the long‐term social integration of children of immigrants in civic engagement. Moreover, the peer effect on volunteering is more salient for Hispanic children of immigrants compared to their Asian counterparts, suggesting the distinct pathways of civic learning between them.ConclusionThese findings provide empirical evidence on the heterogeneous effect of peers across people with different immigrant and ethnic backgrounds.

The accumulation of human and social capital plays a significant role in influencing migrants' earnings and economic integration in the host society. Although the effects of foreign domestic workers' bargaining power on their labor market outcome is constrained due to their unique migrant status, domestic workers may still strive to make use of various resources to secure "ideal" jobs as much as possible. Using a randomly selected unique data set collected in Hong Kong in 2017, this study examines whether foreign domestic workers' human and social capitals are associated with their salary scale, working conditions, and work rights protection. We use education, previously held jobs, migration duration, and language proficiency to measure human capital, and friendship networks and church attendance to indicate social capital. We found that previously having middle-level job experience can reduce the likelihood of experiencing underpay and increase the likelihood of having overpay, taking the legal minimum salary as a reference. English language proficiency could also give them some leverage to access a better pay scale. Previous human capital accumulation is associated with having a private room in the employer's home. It is also associated with better protection of work rights such as being less likely to experience a "no pay" month. For social capital, frequent participation in Sunday gathering with friends is mainly associated with rights protection. These findings indicate that although foreign domestic workers may be constrained in using their capital accumulation to improve their market value substantially, the capital accumulation can still give some leverage for them to bargain for a slightly improved salary, better working conditions, and protection of their rights.

This study examines empirically the relationship between the economic conditions back home and the friendship patterns of migrants at the new destination. The migrant adjustment process is not just associated with the individual socioeconomic status, but is also related to family economic conditions in their place of origin. Our study, based on data collected in 2010 on migrant workers in seven cities located in Pearl River Delta and Yangzi River Delta in China, confirms the relationship. Our findings indicate that rural migrants in China with higher income and better economic conditions back home are associated with more friends in the host society. We also find friendship patterns to be different between male and female migrant workers. In particular, family economic conditions back home are particularly important for males' friendship pattern, but not for females. Implications of the findings are discussed.

AbstractIn this study we examine whether the gender composition of migrants from rural households affects household economic strategies and agricultural productivity, which is the fundamental economic activity for rural Chinese. Using data from the 2010 and 2012 Chinese Family Panel Studies, this study treats households as the unit of analysis. Our results show that households with migrants are less likely to engage in agricultural activities or operate small businesses than households with no migrants. However, households with female migrants are less likely to engage in agricultural activities to a greater extent than those with male migrants, whereas the latter pose an obstacle to running small family businesses. This suggests that women may have to shoulder the burden of agricultural work when men migrate, whereas having male migrants from the households hampers households from engaging in local nonagricultural activities. Finally, although having male migrants who have left does not significantly discourage households from continuing agricultural activities, it does reduce agricultural productivity.

Résumé Cette note de recherche analyse les déterminants économiques et non économiques des migrations de retour pour 3 021 jeunes originaires de la campagne thaïlandaise. Cette cohorte est suivie de manière prospective pendant 16 ans, de la préadolescence au début de l'âge adulte, à travers trois vagues d'enquêtes en 1984, 1994 et 2000. Les données proviennent du projet Nang Rong, recherche longitudinale sur l'exode rural menée dans une région agricole du Nord-Est de la Thaïlande. Il s'agit, à partir cette étude, d'aller au-delà de la simple dichotomie économique « succès / échec », et d'analyser les facteurs institutionnels non économiques qui déterminent le retour des migrants. Même si on observe un phénomène de sélection négative du capital humain, les liens avec des membres de la famille d'origine (enfants, conjoint, parents) sont également des déterminants clés du retour. Ces facteurs non économiques, liés à l'environnement familial, ont un impact aussi puissant que les déterminants économiques sur la migration de retour.