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The European Hematology Association (EHA) Roadmap for European Hematology Research highlights major achievements in diagnosis and treatment of blood disorders and identifies the greatest unmet clinical and scientific needs in those areas to enable better funded, more focused European hematology research. Initiated by the EHA, around 300 experts contributed to the consensus document, which will help European policy makers, research funders, research organizations, researchers, and patient groups make better informed decisions on hematology research. It also aims to raise public awareness of the burden of blood disorders on European society, which purely in economic terms is estimated at €23 billion per year, a level of cost that is not matched in current European hematology research funding. In recent decades, hematology research has improved our fundamental understanding of the biology of blood disorders, and has improved diagnostics and treatments, sometimes in revolutionary ways. This progress highlights the potential of focused basic research programs such as this EHA Roadmap.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Part I Overview of New Towns in the Twentieth and Twenty- First Centuries -- Introduction -- 1 A Brief History of New Towns -- 2 The Promises and Pitfalls of New Towns -- 3 Quality of Life in New Towns: What Do We Know, and What Do We Need to Know? -- Part II New Towns Around the World -- United States -- 4 New Towns in the United States -- 5 Development Lessons from Today's Most Successful New Towns and Master- Planned Communities -- 6 New Towns as Laboratories for Local Governance -- Asia -- 7 New Towns in East and Southeast Asia -- 8 A Governance Perspective on New Towns in China -- 9 New Towns in China: The Liangzhu Story -- 10 Successes and Failures of New Towns in Hong Kong -- 11 Right Place, Right Time: The Rise of Bundang -- 12 New Towns in India -- Elsewhere -- 13 European New Towns: The End of a Model? From Pilot to Sustainable Territories -- 14 Governing an Adolescent Society: The Case of Almere -- 15 Ex Novo Towns in South America: A Genealogy -- 16 New Towns in Africa -- Part III Lessons on How to Build New Towns -- 17 Why Is It So Difficult to Develop Financially Successful New Towns? New Town Finance: Problems and Solutions -- 18 Organizing and Managing New Towns -- 19 Reflections from International Practice -- Part IV New Town Futures -- 20 The Twenty- First- Century New Town: Site Planning and Design -- 21 Environmental Concerns and New Towns: Four Paths -- 22 Regional New Town Development: Strategic Adaptation to Climate Change -- 23 New Towns in a New Era -- Appendix 1 Location Maps for New Towns and Planned Communities -- Appendix 2 New Towns Inventory -- References -- Contributors -- Index -- Acknowledgments

Mitochondrial genomes are separated from the nuclear genome for most of the cell cycle by the nuclear double membrane, intervening cytoplasm, and the mitochondrial double membrane. Despite these physical barriers, we show that somatically acquired mitochondrial-nuclear genome fusion sequences are present in cancer cells. Most occur in conjunction with intranuclear genomic rearrangements, and the features of the fusion fragments indicate that nonhomologous end joining and/or replication-dependent DNA double-strand break repair are the dominant mechanisms involved. Remarkably, mitochondrial-nuclear genome fusions occur at a similar rate per base pair of DNA as interchromosomal nuclear rearrangements, indicating the presence of a high frequency of contact between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA in some somatic cells. Transmission of mitochondrial DNA to the nuclear genome occurs in neoplastically transformed cells, but we do not exclude the possibility that some mitochondrial-nuclear DNA fusions observed in cancer occurred years earlier in normal somatic cells. ; This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust. Y.S.J is supported by a European Molecular Biology Organization long-term fellowship (LTF 1203_2012). J.M.C.T. is supported by Marie Curie Fellowship FP7 PEOPLE-2012-IEF (project number 328264). P.J.C. is a Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Fellow. Support was provided to A.M.F. by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) UCLH Biomedical Research Centre. The ICGC Breast Cancer Consortium was supported by a grant from the European Union (BASIS) and the Wellcome Trust. The ICGC Prostate Cancer Consortium was funded by Cancer Research UK with a grant from the Dallaglio Foundation (grant number C5047/A14835). R.E. is supported by National Institute for Health Research support to the Biomedical Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust. We also thank the National Cancer Research Prostate Cancer Mechanisms of Progression and Treatment (PROMPT) collaborative (grant code G0500966/75466) which has funded tissue and urine collections in Cambridge. The authors also acknowledge financial support from the Department of Health via the National Institute for Health Research comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre award to Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research (ICGC 08/09 and KCL) (A.T.).