1. Introduction: In Quest for Identity -- 2. Walking a Fine Line: The Skopje University in the Early Post-War Period (1945–1950s) -- 3. The Leap Forward: The Benefits and Challenges of the Institutionalization of Macedonian Sociology (1960s–Early 1970s) -- 4. The Voices of the Double-Periphery: The Crisis Years and the Inertia of Macedonian Sociology (1970s–1980s) -- 5. A New Beginning, Anew: The Macedonian Sociology in a New Era (1990s–2010s) -- 6. Conclusion.
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The article is a review of Post-Yugoslav Metamuseums: Reframing Second World War Heritage in Postconflict Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia, by Nataša Jagdhuhn, Palgrave Studies in Cultural Heritage and Conflict; Palgrave Macmillan, 2022, 259 pp. ISBN 978-3-031-10227-1
On the early morning of 26 July 1963, a calamitous earthquake struck the Macedonian capital of Skopje, taking the lives of 1,070 people and destroying more than two-thirds of the urban fabric. The politically non-aligned Yugoslav government immediately issued a call for help for the earthquake-torn city, which was picked up by more than eighty states across the globe, as well as the United Nations and other international organizations. The domestic authorities, in turn, sought to reimagine post-disaster Skopje as a "City of Solidarity," a symbol of the trans-bloc cooperation, and an "Open City" – one open to domestic and intra-federal migrations and the epitome of the trans-Yugoslav state-building slogan of "brotherhood and unity." However, the mounting interethnic tensions in the 1980s, the Yugoslav dissolution, and the 2001 insurgency dramatically shifted the public optics over the post-earthquake urban reconstruction and demographic politics – a narrative which found a particular stronghold in the memory politics of post-2001 Macedonia.construct their own interpretations of the social change. The present paper discusses one overlooked episode from the post-earthquake reconstruction of Skopje: from December 1964 to April 1965, the first ever large-scale sociological survey was conducted among Skopjans as part of the Polish expert aid and the preparations for the UN-sponsored Skopje Urban Project. Although the published study contained an exclusive portrayal of the economic and demographic features of the local households and revealed some of the major interethnic issues in the city, it never received proper treatment by the authorities and – up to the Yugoslav dissolution – in the scholarship. Thus, in order to present the major outcomes of this cross-national endeavor, I reconstruct the prehistory, the fieldwork and the immediate results of the survey by triangulating a set of archival materials, semi-structured interviews with its Polish and Macedonian conveners, and secondary literature on Skopje's urban reconstruction. Finally, I argue that the survey – its realization, results and aftermath – can be read as a key to a better understanding of the post-earthquake history of Skopje and the interethnic relations in the city.
Abstract On July 26, 1963, a calamitous tremor struck Skopje, the capital of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, the southernmost Yugoslav federal unit. The politically nonaligned Yugoslav government immediately issued a call for help for its third-largest city. The call was initially picked up by the Yugoslav republics, who were then followed by more than 80 states across the globe and a high number of international organizations, all providing help to Skopje and Skopjans in the aftermath of the catastrophe—an episode of human solidarity many contemporaries described as unprecedented. This paper aims to provide an overview of commemorative activities held in Skopje from 1964 to 2020 related to the 1963 Skopje earthquake. I aim to reconstruct both the commemorative events and commemorative narratives about the 1963 Skopje earthquake in Skopje as well as its major memory agents and agencies by triangulating archival materials, media and institutional discourses, and secondary literature. I identify and discuss three commemorative phases, 1963–81, 1981–2000, and 2001–20, and I structure the argument on the multidirectionality of the notion of solidarity in the public domain.
Zbor imaat graǵanite: The First Sociological Study, the Polish Sociological Expert Aid to Macedonia in the Mid-1960s and the Post-Earthquake History of Interethnic Relations in SkopjeOn the early morning of 26 July 1963, a calamitous earthquake struck the Macedonian capital of Skopje, taking the lives of 1,070 people and destroying more than two-thirds of the urban fabric. The politically non-aligned Yugoslav government immediately issued a call for help for the earthquake-torn city, which was picked up by more than eighty states across the globe, as well as the United Nations and other international organizations. The domestic authorities, in turn, sought to reimagine post-disaster Skopje as a "City of Solidarity," a symbol of the trans-bloc cooperation, and an "Open City" – one open to domestic and intra-federal migrations and the epitome of the trans-Yugoslav state-building slogan of "brotherhood and unity." However, the mounting interethnic tensions in the 1980s, the Yugoslav dissolution, and the 2001 insurgency dramatically shifted the public optics over the post-earthquake urban reconstruction and demographic politics – a narrative which found a particular stronghold in the memory politics of post-2001 Macedonia.construct their own interpretations of the social change.The present paper discusses one overlooked episode from the post-earthquake reconstruction of Skopje: from December 1964 to April 1965, the first ever large-scale sociological survey was conducted among Skopjans as part of the Polish expert aid and the preparations for the UN-sponsored Skopje Urban Project. Although the published study contained an exclusive portrayal of the economic and demographic features of the local households and revealed some of the major interethnic issues in the city, it never received proper treatment by the authorities and – up to the Yugoslav dissolution – in the scholarship. Thus, in order to present the major outcomes of this cross-national endeavor, I reconstruct the prehistory, the fieldwork and the immediate results of the survey by triangulating a set of archival materials, semi-structured interviews with its Polish and Macedonian conveners, and secondary literature on Skopje's urban reconstruction. Finally, I argue that the survey – its realization, results and aftermath – can be read as a key to a better understanding of the post-earthquake history of Skopje and the interethnic relations in the city.Збор имаат граѓаните: Првата социолошка студија, полската социолошка експертска помош во Македонија од средината на 1960-тите и пост-земјотресната историја на меѓуетнички односи во СкопјеСкопското утро од 26 јули 1963 година е моментот кога градот беше погоден од катастрофален земјотрес што резултираше со 1070 жртви, а уништи и две третини од градските објекти и инфраструктура. Политички неврзаната југословенска влада веднаш објави повик за помош на разурнатиот град, на којшто, пак, одговорија преку 80 држави ширум светот, Обединетите нации и други меѓународни организации. Овој голем одзив ги поттикна домашните власти да го преобмислат пост-земјотресно Скопје како "Град на солидарноста" – симбол на трансблоковската соработка – и "Отворен град" – отворен за домашни миграции и миграции во рамки на Федерацијата, како и пример за сè-југословенската државотворна парола "братство и единство". Сепак, растечките меѓуетнички тензии во 1980-тите, распадот на Југославија и конфликтот од 2001 година придонесоа за драматичен пресврт на јавната призма за пост-земјотресната обнова и демографските политики; наратив што беше особено промовиран преку мемориските политики во Македонија по 2001 година.Овој труд се однесува на една прилично занемарена епизода од пост-земјотресната обнова на Скопје: првата социолошка студија од поголеми размери во градот, од декември 1964 година до април 1965 година, изведена како дел од полската експертска помош за пост- земјотресно Скопје и во рамки на подготовките за Генералниот план за Скопје, спонзорирани од страна на ОН. Иако објавената студија содржеше екслузивни резултати за економските и демографските услови во коишто живееја локалните домаќинства и преглед за некои од доминантните меѓуетнички проблеми во градот, студијата не го доби потребното вниманите од властите, а до распадот на Југославија беше занемарена и во научната литература. Па така, со цел да ги презентирам главните резултати од овој меѓудржавен проект, во овој труд ќе ја реконструирам предисторијата, теренското истражување и првичните резултати на социолошката студија преку триангулација на архивски материјали, полуструктурирани интервјуа со полските и македонски истражувачи ангажирани за работата на студијата и секундарна литература за скопската урбана обнова. Конечно, заклучувам дека студијата – нејзината реализација, резултати и последователни толкувања – може да се чита како клуч за подобро разбирање на пост-земјотресната историја на Скопје и меѓуетничките односи во градот. Obywatele mają głos. Pierwsze studium socjologiczne, polska socjologiczna pomoc ekspercka w Macedonii w połowie lat 60. XX wieku i historia stosunków międzyetnicznych w Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemiPoranek w Skopje 26 lipca 1963 roku był momentem, kiedy miasto zostało dotknie katastrofalnym trzęsieniem ziemi, które przyniosło 1070 ofiar [wśród mieszkańców – JS], i zniszczyło dwie trzecie miasta. Należąca do bloku państw niezaangażowanych Jugosławia natychmiast poprosiła o pomoc dla zrujnowanego miasta, na którą odpowiedziało 80 państw z całego świata, z Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych i z innych organizacji międzynarodowych. Tak masowa reakcja [ze strony świata] zainspirowała miejscowe władze do wymyślenia [na nowo] Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi jako "miasta solidarności" – symbolu współpracy ponad podziałami na bloki [polityczne] i "miasta otwartego" na migrację wewnętrzną [w ramach republiki] i w ramach Federacji [jugosłowiańskiej], wreszcie jako przykład [realizacji] ogólnojugosłowiańskiego państwowotwórczego hasła "braterstwo i jedność". Jednakże rosnące od lat 80. XX wieku napięcia międzyetniczne, rozpad Jugosławii i konflikt z 2001 roku przyniosły dramatyczny zwrot na płaszczyźnie oficjalnej w kwestii odnowy [miasta] po trzęsieniu ziemi i w stosunku do polityki demograficznej. Ta narracja była szczególnie promowana poprzez praktyki upamiętniania w Macedonii po 2001 roku.Niniejszy artykuł zajmuje się całkiem zapomnianym epizodem z czasów przebudowy Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi: [przedmiotem analizy będzie] pierwsze większe socjologiczne opracowanie obejmujące okres od grudnia 1964 do kwietnia 1965, które jest częścią polskiej pomocy eksperckiej dla Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi w ramach przygotowań do tzw. planu generalnego dla miasta, finansowanego przez ONZ. Pomimo, że opublikowane studium zawiera wyjątkowe dane co do ekonomicznego i demograficznego poziomu życia miejscowych gospodarstw domowych i przegląd najważniejszych problemów międzyetnicznych w mieście, nie zyskało koniecznej uwagi ze strony władz, a do rozpadu Jugosławii nie było zauważane tak że w literaturze naukowej. Celem mojego artykułu jest zatem prezentacja głównych wyników badań tego międzynarodowego projektu, rekonstrukcja badań terenowych i pierwszych rezultatów socjologicznych [wywiadów] przy zastosowaniu metody triangulacyjnej [korzystającej z wielu technik badawczych]: analizy materiałów archiwalnych, nieustrukturyzowanych wywiadów z polskimi i macedońskimi badaczami zaangażowanymi w pracę nad projektem, opracowań dotyczących odnowy tkanki miejskiej Skopje. W konkluzji dowodzę, że opracowanie – jego realizacja, wyniki i prognozy – można czytać jako klucz do lepszego zrozumienia stosunków etnicznych i historii Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi. archiwalnych, nieustrukturyzowanych wywiadów z polskimi i macedońskimi badaczami zaangażowanymi w pracę nad projektem, opracowań dotyczących odnowy tkanki miejskiej Skopje. W konkluzji dowodzę, że opracowanie – jego realizacja, wyniki i prognozy – można czytać jako klucz do lepszego zrozumienia stosunków etnicznych i historii Skopje po trzęsieniu ziemi.
This article aims to map and periodize memory regimes in North Macedonia, with the divergent set of Ilinden commemorations epitomizing the developments and critical changes in the period from 2001 to 2018. Ilinden is still by and large considered to be pivotal for Macedonian nation-building, structuring the long Macedonian 20th century and serving as the most prominent state holiday. The commemorative narratives, understood as political strategies with the aim of taking a position towards and interpreting the past, establish a set of patterns, groups or trajectories which will be argued to be principal in the creation of official memory in North Macedonia. Herein, the set of 18 Republic Day/Ilinden commemorations will be reconstructed, triangulating the analysis of Macedonian media outlines, institutional discourses and political rhetoric, and finally, it will be discussed as a tripartite periodization model, drawing upon the theoretical framework offered by Kubik and Bernhard (2014).
