Suchergebnisse

The construction of Soviet shopping centres that started in the 1960s marked a new stage in the consumption possibilities of Soviet society with the environments of consumption playing an important role. The main objective of this article is stated as follows: to analyse, following the LSSR (Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic) case, what the idea of Soviet shopping centres and its realization in the LSSR was and to ascertain how the Soviet authorities used the shopping centres for the development of consumption in Soviet society employing the advertising of shopping centres and the contraposition between socialism and capitalism. To achieve the research objective, the main method used was to analyse the published and unpublished sources that reflect the process of the appearance of Soviet shopping centres. The research demonstrates that the idea of Soviet shopping centres was not an original product of the Soviet system. Some aspects of their construction and composition were copied and there were attempts to implement them using Western practices.

As the Constitution of the Lithuanian SSR of April 20, 1978 established the right of citizens to profess any religion, it also declared that state and schools are to be separated from the church. These clauses were enforced by assessing the activities of clergymen in society. To that end, Oversight committees for religious sect compliance under the city and regional executive committees of the Councils of the People's Deputies were established, which were supposed to investigate the activities of clergymen according to set guidelines. These oversight committees would audit the activities clergymen carried out with children and youth, making sure that special services were not held for minors and that minors were not employed in the assistance of the clergy. The committees also ensured that no activities were aimed at parents, women and other special groups. A particular effort was made to identify the types of sermons delivered during service: whether the content was religious, political, on ethics and morality, and whether it conflated religion and nationality. The committees filed reports providing excerpts from specific sermons and identified the clergymen who delivered them. The committees were not only in charge of documenting violations but also had to take certain preventive measures – group and individual conversations with clergymen about lawful conduct during worship, lectures on such topics at places of employment, as well as meetings with school teachers. In addition to inspecting the content of religious activities, governmental institutions audited the finances of the church and clergy. Matters of property, financial resource management, its proper use and other issues were decided by the executive offices of the church and oversight committees. [.]

As the Constitution of the Lithuanian SSR of April 20, 1978 established the right of citizens to profess any religion, it also declared that state and schools are to be separated from the church. These clauses were enforced by assessing the activities of clergymen in society. To that end, Oversight committees for religious sect compliance under the city and regional executive committees of the Councils of the People's Deputies were established, which were supposed to investigate the activities of clergymen according to set guidelines. These oversight committees would audit the activities clergymen carried out with children and youth, making sure that special services were not held for minors and that minors were not employed in the assistance of the clergy. The committees also ensured that no activities were aimed at parents, women and other special groups. A particular effort was made to identify the types of sermons delivered during service: whether the content was religious, political, on ethics and morality, and whether it conflated religion and nationality. The committees filed reports providing excerpts from specific sermons and identified the clergymen who delivered them. The committees were not only in charge of documenting violations but also had to take certain preventive measures – group and individual conversations with clergymen about lawful conduct during worship, lectures on such topics at places of employment, as well as meetings with school teachers. In addition to inspecting the content of religious activities, governmental institutions audited the finances of the church and clergy. Matters of property, financial resource management, its proper use and other issues were decided by the executive offices of the church and oversight committees. [.]

As the Constitution of the Lithuanian SSR of April 20, 1978 established the right of citizens to profess any religion, it also declared that state and schools are to be separated from the church. These clauses were enforced by assessing the activities of clergymen in society. To that end, Oversight committees for religious sect compliance under the city and regional executive committees of the Councils of the People's Deputies were established, which were supposed to investigate the activities of clergymen according to set guidelines. These oversight committees would audit the activities clergymen carried out with children and youth, making sure that special services were not held for minors and that minors were not employed in the assistance of the clergy. The committees also ensured that no activities were aimed at parents, women and other special groups. A particular effort was made to identify the types of sermons delivered during service: whether the content was religious, political, on ethics and morality, and whether it conflated religion and nationality. The committees filed reports providing excerpts from specific sermons and identified the clergymen who delivered them. The committees were not only in charge of documenting violations but also had to take certain preventive measures – group and individual conversations with clergymen about lawful conduct during worship, lectures on such topics at places of employment, as well as meetings with school teachers. In addition to inspecting the content of religious activities, governmental institutions audited the finances of the church and clergy. Matters of property, financial resource management, its proper use and other issues were decided by the executive offices of the church and oversight committees. [.]

Entrepreneurship of a person and society is usually related to the presence of market economy and the legal framework for business development. The idea of entrepreneurship in the soviet target economy was problematic due to the view, based on formal legal – political aspect, that a person cannot be enterprising in the target economy because he could not hold private property, hire employees, and there were other restrictions. The nationalized economy was not able to fulfil some needs of soviet society. For this reason the state with great control allowed citizens to engage in craft businesses, and later in selfemployment, that partially satisfied consumer needs. Soviet law allowed citizens to engage in the production of small household items and clothing, domestic, social, cultural services. In practice the making of clothes, footwear, headgears, knitting, car repair, transport services became common businesses in soviet society. Violations of permitted individual work activity did not make the activity illegal. All types of businesses that were permitted have to be distinguished from speculation and other forbidden activities that could result in criminal liability. The example of Kaunas society's entrepreneurship, analysed in the article, shows that entrepreneurship was a phenomenon common to soviet society which could exist under the conditions of strict control and constraints.

Entrepreneurship of a person and society is usually related to the presence of market economy and the legal framework for business development. The idea of entrepreneurship in the soviet target economy was problematic due to the view, based on formal legal – political aspect, that a person cannot be enterprising in the target economy because he could not hold private property, hire employees, and there were other restrictions. The nationalized economy was not able to fulfil some needs of soviet society. For this reason the state with great control allowed citizens to engage in craft businesses, and later in selfemployment, that partially satisfied consumer needs. Soviet law allowed citizens to engage in the production of small household items and clothing, domestic, social, cultural services. In practice the making of clothes, footwear, headgears, knitting, car repair, transport services became common businesses in soviet society. Violations of permitted individual work activity did not make the activity illegal. All types of businesses that were permitted have to be distinguished from speculation and other forbidden activities that could result in criminal liability. The example of Kaunas society's entrepreneurship, analysed in the article, shows that entrepreneurship was a phenomenon common to soviet society which could exist under the conditions of strict control and constraints.

Entrepreneurship of a person and society is usually related to the presence of market economy and the legal framework for business development. The idea of entrepreneurship in the soviet target economy was problematic due to the view, based on formal legal – political aspect, that a person cannot be enterprising in the target economy because he could not hold private property, hire employees, and there were other restrictions. The nationalized economy was not able to fulfil some needs of soviet society. For this reason the state with great control allowed citizens to engage in craft businesses, and later in selfemployment, that partially satisfied consumer needs. Soviet law allowed citizens to engage in the production of small household items and clothing, domestic, social, cultural services. In practice the making of clothes, footwear, headgears, knitting, car repair, transport services became common businesses in soviet society. Violations of permitted individual work activity did not make the activity illegal. All types of businesses that were permitted have to be distinguished from speculation and other forbidden activities that could result in criminal liability. The example of Kaunas society's entrepreneurship, analysed in the article, shows that entrepreneurship was a phenomenon common to soviet society which could exist under the conditions of strict control and constraints.

The monograph presents the complex analysis and evaluation of the changes of the social-spatial genotype of the large Lithuanian cities (Kaunas, Klaipėda and Vilnius) determined by the modernist urbanization of the Soviet era using the interdisciplinary theory of networks and mathematical network models as the main methodological tools. The idea behind the monograph is the following: the modernistic urbanism not only introduced the new spatial configurations in specific location of a city with a specific social scenario of public space usage, but essentially affected how city is functioning as a whole. Soviet transformations of three Lithuanian cities from 1939 till 2016 are used as a good example of above mentioned revolutionary processes. ABSTRACTING & INDEXING Modernization of Public Spaces in Lithuanian Cities is covered by the following services: Baidu Scholar EBSCO Discovery Service Google Scholar J-Gate Naviga (Softweco) Primo Central (ExLibris) ReadCube Semantic Scholar Summon (ProQuest) TDOne (TDNet) WorldCat (OCLC)