Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Belgium -- France -- Germany -- Great Britain -- Italy -- Japan -- Acknowledgement -- Abstract -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Food or Famine -- 1.1 Sir William Crookes -- 1.2 ``The Wheat Problem´´ -- References -- Chapter 2: Agricultural Chemistry -- 2.1 Justus Liebig -- 2.2 Adolph Frank: Disciple of Liebig -- References -- Chapter 3: The Quest for Fixed Nitrogen -- 3.1 The Background to Fixed Nitrogen -- 3.2 Early Studies on Nitrogen -- 3.3 Natural Nitrogen Fertilizers -- 3.3.1 Guano and Saltpetre -- 3.4 Fertilizers and Agricultural Experiment Stations -- 3.5 Expansion of the Nitrogen Industry -- 3.5.1 Decline of Guano -- 3.5.2 South American Nitrate -- 3.6 Ludwig Mond -- 3.7 Nitro Compounds -- 3.8 Dead Ends: Nitrides and Cyanides -- 3.8.1 Nitrides -- 3.8.2 Cyanides -- References -- Chapter 4: Ammonium Sulphate -- 4.1 Coke Oven and Mond Gases -- 4.2 Peat and Ammonium Sulphate -- 4.3 Marketing Ammonium Sulphate -- 4.4 The Far Eastern and South East Asian Markets -- 4.5 The International Market in the Mid-1920s -- 4.5.1 Improving Ammonium Sulphate -- References -- Chapter 5: Electricity and the Chemical Industry -- 5.1 Electric Arcs -- 5.2 The Burning of Air -- 5.3 Birkeland and Eyde -- 5.4 Otto Schönherr -- 5.5 Other Arc Processes -- 5.6 Calcium Cyanamide -- 5.7 Nikodem Caro -- 5.8 The First Cyanamide Factory, Piano d´Orta -- 5.9 North-Western Cyanamide Company -- 5.10 Cyanamide in the United States -- 5.11 Cyanamide in Japan -- 5.11.1 Noguchi Shitagau and Fujiyama Tsuneichi -- 5.12 Ferdinand Polzenius -- 5.13 The Frank-Caro Process in Germany -- References -- Chapter 6: The Direct Synthesis of Ammonia -- 6.1 BASF -- 6.2 Carl Bosch -- 6.3 Fritz Haber -- 6.4 Nitrogen Fixation: Haber´s Studies -- 6.5 Reaction Variables -- 6.6 Bosch and Haber -- 6.7 Nitric Acid -- References -- Chapter 7: A Time of Guns and Grain.

This monograph provides an account of how the synthetic nitrogen industry became the forerunner of the 20th-century chemical industry in Europe, the United States and Asia. Based on an earlier SpringerBrief by the same author, which focused on the period of World War I, it expands considerably on the international aspects of the development of the synthetic nitrogen industry in the decade and a half following the war, including the new technologies that rivalled the Haber-Bosch ammonia process. Travis describes the tremendous global impact of fixed nitrogen (as calcium cyanamide and ammonia), including the perceived strategic need for nitrogen (mainly for munitions), and, increasingly, its role in increasing crop yields, including in Italy under Mussolini, and in the Soviet Union under Stalin. The author also reviews the situation in Imperial Japan, including the earliest adoption of the Italian Casale ammonia process, from 1923, and the role of fixed nitrogen in the industrialization of colonial Korea from the late 1920s. Chemists, historians of science and technology, and those interested in world fertilizer production and the development of chemical industry during the first four decades of the twentieth century will find this book of considerable value.