Suchergebnisse

The aim of the article is to disclose some general trends in scientific discourse studies that have emerged by the second decade of the 21 st century, to characterize scientific discourse as a means of promoting knowledge, and to consider its contribution to public communication. The notion of scientific discourse incorporates both conventional (scientific articles, reviews, theses, dissertation abstracts) and modern forms of discourse (online academic conferences, symposia, colloquiums, seminars). The research is viewed in the article as a result of scientists' social activity targeted at new knowledge discovery and broadcasting, whilst the scientific text is defined in terms of verbal representation of the research results in a par with new knowledge transmission. Two types of determinants are introduced to regulate the model of scientific text composition – internal and external. The internal determinant is represented by discursive structures, which promote knowledge in scientific text as the element of scientific communication, while the external dominant is represented by extralinguistic factors, which provide the promotion of scientific discourse outside the professional community (socializing). Воth kinds of determinants provide the interpretation of the scientific discourse as open systems. An assumption is made on the increasing role of external determinant in discursive extension of modern scientific text by means of the Internet; the addressee factor wider representation and scientific knowledge inclusion into cross-cultural communication.

Big cities, especially megacities, have reputation of places not facilitating marriages because of change of moral values in favor for career and self-development. The result is postponement of marriages, extend of cohabitation and remarriages. Within my research I check this statement on examples of two Russian largest cities – Moscow and Saint Petersburg with more than 12 and 5 million inhabitants. Taking into account the size of the country, different nationalities with different attitude to marriage, which live in Russia, I conduct my analysis by comparison cities and the regions that surround them–Moscow region and Leningrad region. In the research I use official Dada of Federal State Statistics Service for period of last 25 year. The variables used in the analysis are marriage rate, marital age, divorce index and rate of remarriages. The results of the study indicate that in both megacities there is an increase of marriages rate and reduction of divorce index. Cities have almost the same age structure at the "marital ages, though Saint Petersburg is slightly younger. While marital situation in both megacities does not have any significant difference, the considerable variation is observed in comparison with the Leningrad and Moscow regions. There is no evidence of later marriages in cities than in regions, moreover the divorce index is less in cities and remarriages are less popular. These results give us the reason to identify Russian megacities as untypical in the framework of demographic transition from point of view of marriages.

National economic development is subject to a number of restrictions. One of the main con­straints is the threat of complete exhaustion of non-renewable resources and environmen­tal pollution exceeding the capacity of the planet. However, the rapid spread of resource-saving technologies is reducing the environmental intensity of economic activities. In this study, I aim to examine the ecological-economic dynamics of the environmental effects of economic development in the regions of Russia's North-Western Federal District (NWFD). I employ an extended version of Peter A. Victor's model to produce a comprehensive evalua­tion of chang­es in economic indicators and correlate them with the total and specific environmental im­pact. Iconduct a factor analysis to identify the main effects influencing theecologica-eco­nomic dynamics. The use of water resources in the NWFD demonstrates green growth, whereas electricity consumption and wastewater treatment fall into the brown zone and in­dustrial and municipal waste treatment into the black one. The factor analysis has shown that population change has a very weak effect on the situation. Much more influential factors are the income effect (higher incomes translate into greater consumption and thus more signifi­cant pollution levels) and the technological effect produced by a decrease in the environmen­tal intensity of production. To promote green development, it is advisable to in­crease the in­fluence of the technological effect by stimulating resource efficiency and switch­ing to the cir­cular economy model.

The purpose of the article is to demonstrate an influence of Jewish salons of Berlin on the intellectual life of Prussia at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries. As a form of communication, salon is characterized with an active participation of women in «traditionally» men's discussions on politics, philosophy and literature. Woman, as a rule, an aristocrat, selected a public at her discretion and moderated a conversation. A blossom of salon culture in Prussia took place at the second quarter of the XVIII century. Influence of Jewish salons on intellectual life of the kingdom is consided to be a one of the topics-in-question for researchers in this field. Deborah Hertz, Petra Wilhelmy-Dollinger and Renata Fuchs are inclined to represent Jewish salons as a phenomenon of a great significance for both Prussian Jews' life and cultural climat of German- speaking space. Hannah Lund and Barbara Hahn assess Jewish salons as one of integrative channels at the turn of the XVIII–XIX centuries. The sourse base of this article is presented with a wide correspondense and memoires by actors of salon communication in Berlin, as well as with satirical writings. In this article, the most famous Jewish salons' hostesses — Henriette Herz and Rahel Levin — are presented. High social position of Jewish women's families, as well as their accomplishment and originality incited a great interest to them. Eminent German cultural activists were among the guests of Jewish salons. Intensive communication with Jewish women affected creativity of German authors. So, it is traced in the present article, how a friendship of Henriette Herz with Friedrich Schleiermacher influenced on his formation as a founder of the original religious concept. Also, a role of Dorothea Mendelsohn in Friedrich Schlegel's life and creativity is highlighted. A special attention is paid to the Jewish women's literary activity as an important component of cultural integration. On a Dorothea Mendelsohn's example, author makes an attempt to demonstrate that affiliation to salon circles gave Jewish women a possibility to start their literary activity. Author of the present article traces a reaction of Prussian conservative literary circles to a popularity of Jewish salons. On examples of Friedrich Nicolai and August Bernhardi is demonstrated, how a fear of feminization and Jewish integration are reflected in Prussian satire at the end of the XVIII century.

In the article on the basis of the archived and other sources the process of development of school education of the Polish national minority in the South of Ukraine in 1920s is examined. The historical places of Polish population's location are outlined in the South region; specially well-educated public authorities,which are the task of organization of educational work among national minorities are described. Reasons and terms of input of new national politics are defined; normatively-legal acts are analysed on the basis of that the new system of education is created. The process of activity organization of educational establishments for the Polish population is shown. The positive and negative aspects of their activity are determined. As a result of the conducted analysis, we concluded, that the Polish population in two ways and ambiguously behaved to the accrued educational establishments. From one side, networking of national schools with Polish studies had an important value for maintenance of their originality and identity, and from other, wide anti-religious propaganda and planting of communist ideology pushed away the Polish population from the Soviet national schools. Moreover, the badly developed network of Polish schools of the high level, weak material and technical base of studies and absence of skilled Polish teachers, influenced negatively on the quality of studies at the national Polish schools.Key words: the Polish national minority, the South of Ukraine, national school, reorganization, indigenization.

Tretyakova E. V. NEW APPROACHES TO TOXICOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC REGLAMENTATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS APPLICATION FOR TRANSPORT PURPOSES. Актуальні проблеми транспортної медицини / Actual problems of transport medicine / 2018;4(54):16-31. ISSN 1818-9385 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2525790 http://aptm.org.ua NEW APPROACHES TO TOXICOLOGICAL AND HYGIENIC REGLAMENTATION OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS APPLICATION FOR TRANSPORT PURPOSES E. V. Tretyakova State Enterprise «Ukrainian Research Institute for Medicine of Transport MОH», Ukraine, helen.tre67@gmail.com Background. Among 130,000 chemicals and materials used in various sectors of the global economy, polymeric and synthetic compositions reach for more than 2/3, and their annual production exceeds 300 mln. t. The priority importance and research-specific model are transport polymers, since this branch is system-oriented in the modern economy and consumes more than 18 % of all polymeric materials (PM) produced in the world. The saturation of modern vehicles with PM reaches 10 m2 of polymer surface for every m3 of indoor air with a constant stay of people. However, many hygienic aspects of the problem of safe use of PM in transport branch are not well understood. The purpose of the study was to substantiate and develop scientific approaches to the system of hygienic regulation of PM transport assignments under standard operating conditions and in case of emergency situations, on the basis of study of their toxicological and hygienic properties and patterns of migration into the environment of their components, as in the model conditions (laboratory tests), and during the operation of the vehicles. Materials and methods. The testing and admitting of 328 PM of various classes in automobile, railway vagons, marine vessels construction, and modern military equipment as structural, decorative finishing, heat, noise, vibration and waterproofing, as well as cable and electrical products, has been approved. 38 materials (11.6 %) were rejected for their toxicological and ...

Innovative activities underpin the economic development and competitiveness of Russian regions. This article seeks to compare the innovation performance of Russia's north-western regions, which are among the most progressive in the country, and their available resource. A review of the literature suggests that most Russian publications combine systems of composite indices with econometric and statistical approaches to evaluate regional innovation performance. The same methods are employed in this study. Comparative analysis indicates significant differences between the regions in both available resource and innovation advancements. Juxtaposing composite resource availability indices and innovation performance aided in devising a typology of regions and analysing changes in the position in a composite evaluation matrix. The findings demonstrate that Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region comfortably outperform the other northwestern regions in innovation. Regression and correlation analysis reveals that innovation performance depends crucially on earlier achievements and currently available resources. The Novgorod region, however, is making headway without a marked change in the level of resources. Thus, it is important to transfer innovations designed in resource-rich regions to their less well-off counterparts to achieve positive synergy throughout northwest Russia.

The purpose of this study is theoretical justification of socio-economic foundations of sustainable livelihoods in rural areas and development of practical recommendations for evaluating and improving quality of life in rural areas. The subject of this study is a system of socio-economic relations that defines processes and patterns of sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. Methodological basis is a systematic approach and method of dialectical cognition, which examine processes of development of rural territories in relationship and complementarity. The results described in this paper are: the degree of differentiation of rural population under qualitative levels of well-being was studied; the authors ' system of indicators of regional socio-economic development on a basis of detailed hierarchical structure was presented; priority areas for improving standards and quality of life of the rural population were identified. A scope of results was developed and science-based recommendations and suggestions for sustainable development of rural territories based on authors' methodology for evaluating quality life in rural areas may be subject to legislative and executive authorities in development socio-economic projects and programmes aimed at enhancing rural employment and income were made. The conclusions are: sustainable development of rural territories involves not only increase of efficiency of rural economy, but, above all, increasing and improving the quality of life of the rural population; on a system of complementarities, the evaluation of sustainability of livelihood strategies should take into account the economic, environmental, social and institutional factors.

At the present stage of socio-economic changes rural area economic activity conditions have changed in Russia, which has significantly worsened social facilities and engineering infrastructure effective functioning problem. The rural social infrastructure status has been recently deteriorating due to the lack of effective State support instruments and investments. In this paper, Russian rural social sphere development trends are considered, guidelines referred to the government control of rural area social sphere development are analyzed, methodology related to social facilities and engineering infrastructure efficient functioning is suggested as a determining factor for the agriculture labor market efficient development. A conceptual model of rural area social infrastructure strategic development and a mechanism of management control organization and rural area social infrastructure development based on a comprehensive analysis are suggested.