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Based on monthly observations of their employment and overeducation status in the first seven years after leaving education, we use optimal matching sequence analysis to construct a typology of entry patterns of Flemish secondary education graduates. We find that for a significant number of young people, overeducation constitutes a persistent problem, affecting about half of the sample for nearly the full observation period. Investigating the risk factors shows factors, such as, having lower human capital endowments or facing job search constraints enhancing the risk of following disadvantageous trajectories. A lower reservation wage seems to make being persistently overeducated more likely. Yet, starting as 'overeducated' does not necessarily lead to being stuck as overeducated in the rest of the career. About 7 per cent of our sample succeeds in entering an adequate position even after being overeducated for a relatively long period.

De bijdrage biedt een overzicht van de verschillende sociologische theorieën van waaruit men het fenomeen verzorgingsstaat kan benaderen. In een eerste deel worden de voornaamste varianten van achtereenvolgens de functionalistische, de pluralistische en de neo-Marxistische benadering uitgewerkt. In een tweede gedeelte wordt gewezen op de knelpunten waarmee men geconfronteerd wordt bij het streven naar een integratie van deze verschillende benaderingen en worden een aantal krachtlijnen gegeven waarlangs deze wetenschappelijke discussie volgens de auteurs in de toekomst zal (moeten) verlopen.

Abstract
We investigate the differential impact of alternative combinations of horizontal and vertical educational mismatches on wages. By using panel data for Belgian graduates, we consider the role of unobserved worker heterogeneity. Random measurement error in both types of mismatches is accounted for by adopting instrumental variable techniques. We consistently find that overeducated individuals without field of study mismatch earn less than adequately educated workers with a similar educational background. However, for individuals who are working outside their field of study, such a wage penalty is not always observed once accounting for unobserved heterogeneity and random measurement error. In some cases, field of study mismatch even seems to be financially beneficial to the worker. These findings contribute to our understanding regarding the extent to which educational mismatches are truly problematic. The results call for policies that focus primarily on combatting vertical mismatches.