Suchergebnisse

Protectionism is an economic doctrine that consists of protecting the national economy by limiting or prohibiting the import of foreign products. A country can filter foreign exchange through various protectionist, tariff (involves the use of customs barriers) and non-tariff (using barriers such as quotas, technical rules, administrative formalities, etc.). Governments resort to trade policy measures in a wide variety of situations: to balance the balance of payments, for a better allocation of resources (by promoting certain industries or sectors considered promising), to redistribute the national income, etc. Most commonly, however, they are used when domestic industries cannot cope with external competition. The main cause is their lack of competitiveness concerning foreign producers. For this reason, states often prefer to protect their domestic industries through trade policy measures, despite the negative effects they have on the economy as a whole. This paper outlines some issues specific to protectionist theories in foreign trade and their impact on a small country like Romania also protectionist theories, trade policies, and arguments in support of and against protectionism.

Venezuela continues to face rampant inflation, poverty, and diseases pilling up in light of the US sanctions against PDVSA (Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A), the Venezuelan state-owned Oil Company. Despite the crisis, Russia continues to play a key role in supporting the regime of Nicolas Maduro and sustaining oil production in the country. The research focuses on the role played by Russia in helping the current regime to survive against the US sanctions and what is the vested interest it brings along with it. The outcome of the research is to find out the role played by Russian oil industries in shaping Russia's Foreign Policy in Venezuela and to know whether Moscow has any leverage over the energy sector in Venezuela. The paper gives prime importance to the Venezuelan economy and Geopolitics of oil. The research aims to give a whole new outlook by exploring the nuances of oil giants in shaping international relations between countries through its diplomatic skills.Keywords: PDVSA, Rosneft, Venezuela, Geopolitics, Monroe Doctrine, Citgo, Orinoco basin

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is increasingly turning out to become a global endeavor and has recently been extended to Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region. The diversity in the makeup of the nation-states in the region poses several challenges concerning the region's association with the BRI. For instance, Venezuela has borrowed heavily from China while being mired in economic troubles. The Venezuelan example serves as a caution to others as well as China on the intricacies of debt management and lending. This paper aims to study the challenges and risks arising from the Belt and Road Initiative extending to Latin America and the Caribbean region. This paper also tries to analyses as to whether a win-win outcome can be achieved for both China and the LAC nation-states and as to what China seeks from the region. An attempt has been made to evaluate the role that the global environment might play in this evolving relationship between China and the LAC nation-states. The paper also analyse the post pandemic BRI investment in the LAC region.

Turkmenistan is a Central Asian country that largely depends upon agriculture and is enriched with natural resources like natural gas, petroleum, salt, and sulphur. The country has the sixth-largest natural gas reserves. Since its independence in 1991, the country follows a 'positive neutrality' policy to avoid external interference in its domestic affairs. The country always acts as a mediator to maintain peace and stability. During the period of Niyazov, he used this neutrality policy to enforce his control over the country and isolate the country from the rest of the world. With the entry of Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow into power in 2006, he tried to liberalize the economy as well as maintain the neutrality policy. So the 'positive neutrality' adopted by Turkmenistan has had a different impact on its economy during different periods. Along with the isolationist policy, on one hand, Turkmenistan also emphasizes maintaining bilateral relations with other countries. This study is an attempt to analyze Turkmenistan's 'positive neutrality' policy and its bilateral relations with the other countries with a special focus on India.