Suchergebnisse

The cultivation of genetically modified crops is becoming increasingly important; more traits are emerging and more acres than ever before are being planted with GM varieties. The release of GM crops and products in the markets worldwide has increased the regulatory need to monitor and verify the presence and the amount of GM varieties in crops and products. Labeling legislation and trade requirements differ from one country to another, leading to the necessity for the development of reliable and sensitive analytical methods for detection, identification and quantification of GM varieties in crops and their products. GM crops and their products can be identified by detecting either the inserted genetic material at DNA level, the resulting protein or phenotype. Several analytical methods such as methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting the inserted DNA, immunological assays for detecting the resulting protein, or using bioassays to detect the resultant phenotype have been developed. So far only PCR has found broad application in GMO detection as a generally accepted method for regulatory purposes. Presently, real-time PCR can be considered as the most powerful tool for the detection and quantification of GM crops and products. ; Peer Review

The cultivation of genetically modified crops is becoming increasingly important; more traits are emerging and more acres than ever before are being planted with GM varieties. The release of GM crops and products in the markets worldwide has increased the regulatory need to monitor and verify the presence and the amount of GM varieties in crops and products. Labeling legislation and trade requirements differ from one country to another, leading to the necessity for the development of reliable and sensitive analytical methods for detection, identification and quantification of GM varieties in crops and their products. GM crops and their products can be identified by detecting either the inserted genetic material at DNA level, the resulting protein or phenotype. Several analytical methods such as methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting the inserted DNA, immunological assays for detecting the resulting protein, or using bioassays to detect the resultant phenotype have been developed. So far only PCR has found broad application in GMO detection as a generally accepted method for regulatory purposes. Presently, real-time PCR can be considered as the most powerful tool for the detection and quantification of GM crops and products. ; Peer Review

Agriculture is important for the economic growth of the country. Agriculture is completely different from industry and markets. It consists of several processes and activities to move raw material and nutriment from farm lands to end consumers. Hence, the marketing system must be effectively designed to provide farmers with the right rewards for their efforts that they deserve. Sadly, the middlemen get all the benefits in this process due to lack of awareness and mobility of poor farmers. Hence, the government has passed three important farm bills to improve the availability of farm produce to the buyers by enabling farmers to sell their produce without any stock limit or license. This way, farmers can get better prices with a rise in competition. De-regulation may not be efficient alone to get more buyers. It is important to ensure easy accessibility, transparency, and robust market for the farmers and buyers to ensure fair trade practices, according to the Standing Committee (2018-19). Most farmers cannot reach APMC markets and government facilities. This way, adequate infrastructure can be a great alternative for small markets to trade their agro-produce. This paper focuses on both farmers' problems and the benefits that new ordinances can bring. In addition, some valid suggestions will also be discussed to overcome the current issues of farmers in India when it comes to trade their produce.

The banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW) disease, caused by the bacteriumXanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (XCM), endangers the livelihoods ofmillions of farmers in the Great Lakes region of East and Central Africa. Thedisease was first identified in Uganda in 2001 and has since then also been reportedin Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Kenya and Tanzania. Thepathogen kills plants quickly and spreads rapidly over a large area making thedisease one of the most dreaded in banana (Musa spp.). The development of diseaseresistant banana cultivars remains a high priority, since farmers are reluctant toemploy labor-intensive disease control measures. Prospects of developing cultivarswith resistance to BXW through conventional breeding are limited, as no source ofgermplasm exhibiting resistance against XCM has been identified. Transgenictechnologies for banana may provide a timely and cost-effective alternative solutionto the BXW pandemic. The ferredoxin-like amphipathic protein (pflp) andhypersensitive response assisting protein (hrap), isolated from sweet pepper(Capsicum annuum) are novel proteins that can intensify the harpinPSS-mediatedhypersensitive response. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA)has negotiated royalty-free license from Academia Sinica, Taiwan, patent holder,through the African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) for access to thetechnology for bacterial wilt resistance. The partners, IITA, the NationalAgriculture Research Organization (NARO) in Uganda and AATF, have signed atripartite agreement for development of BXW-resistant transgenic bananas.Hundreds of transgenic lines of banana cultivars have been generated, which arescreened for disease resistance under laboratory conditions. Most promising lineswill be evaluated for efficacy against XCM in fields. ; Gatsby Charitable Foundation ; Peer Review

Banana (Musa sp.) represents one of the most important world food crops after maize, rice, wheat and cassava. Many pests and diseases have significantly affected banana cultivation. Banana Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum, is one of the most important diseases and currently considered as the biggest threat to banana production in the Great Lakes region of Africa including Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi. The pathogen is highly contagious and its spread has endangered the livelihood of millions of farmers who rely on banana for food and income. The development of disease resistant bananas remains a high priority since farmers are reluctant to employ labor-intensive disease control measures and there is no host plant resistance among banana cultivars. The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), in partnership with the National Agriculture Research Organization (NARO), Uganda and the African Agriculture Technology Foundation (AATF), have developed hundreds of transgenic bananas constitutively expressing the Hypersensitive Response Assisting Protein (Hrap) or Plant Ferredoxin Like Protein (Pflp) gene originated from sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum). These transgenic lines have exhibited strong resistance to BXW in the laboratory and screen house tests. The best 65 resistant lines were planted in a confined field trial in October 2010 at NARL, Kawanda, Uganda after approval from the National Biosafety Committee. This is a significant step toward development of transgenic banana cultivars resistant to BXW, which will boost the available arsenal to fight this epidemic disease and save livelihoods in Africa. These transgenic lines are under evaluation for disease resistance and agronomic performance in field conditions. This technology may also provide effective control to other bacterial diseases such as moko or blood disease of banana occurring in other parts of the world. ; Peer Review

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this record ; We performed shotgun genome sequencing on a total of 19 different Musa genotypes including representatives of wild banana species Musa acuminata and M. balibisiana, allopolyploid bananas and plantains, Fe'i banana, pink banana (also known as hairy banana) and abacá (also known as hemp banana). We aligned sequence reads against a previously sequenced reference genome and assessed ploidy and, in the case of allopolyploids, the contributions of the A and B genomes; this provides important quality-assurance data about the taxonomic identities of the sequenced plant material. These data will be useful for phylogenetics, crop improvement, studies of the complex story of intergenomic recombination in AAB and ABB allotriploid bananas and plantains and can be integrated into resources such as the Banana Genome Hub. ; European Union Horizon 2020 ; Gatsby Charitable Foundation

Banana production in Eastern Africa is threatened by the presence of a new devastating bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (formerly Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum). The disease has been identified in Uganda, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Tanzania. Disease symptoms include wilting and yellowing of leaves, excretion of a yellowish bacterial ooze, premature ripening of the bunch, rotting of fruit and internal yellow discoloration of the vascular bundles. Plants are infected either by insects through the inflorescence or by soil-borne bacterial inoculum through the lower parts of the plant. Short- and long-distance transmission of the disease mainly occurs via contaminated tools and insects, though other organisms such as birds may also be involved. Although no banana cultivar with resistance to the disease has been identified as yet, it appears that certain cultivars have mechanisms to 'escape' the disease. Management and control of the disease involve methods that reduce the inoculum's density and spread of the pathogen. Removal of the male bud (de-budding) has proven to be very effective in preventing the disease incidence since the male bud appears to be the primary infection site. The economic impact of banana Xanthomonas wilt is not fully understood but its impact on food security in the region is very significant. While germplasm screening for the disease is ongoing, efforts to genetically engineer resistance in some banana cultivars are also making good progress. This paper presents a review of the disease and management strategies that have been successful in curtailing its spread. ; Peer Review