Suchergebnisse

Este trabajo analiza desde un marco teórico, los conceptos geopolítica y geoestrategia a través de un estudio comparativo con respecto al razonamiento y proyección de las doctrinas de la Cuarta Teoría Política (4TP) y de la corriente geopolítica del Neo-eurasianismo expuestas por Alexander Dugin. Apodado como el «cerebro de Putin» en círculos relacionados con las RRII, se le hace responsable de dar soporte teórico al actual rumbo de la política exterior rusa. Su influencia, por tanto, es significativa, aunque la relación de sus ideas con los objetivos marcados por las acciones del presidente ruso, no es tan lineal como pudiera parecer a simple vista y necesita, cuando menos, una aproximación científica detenida. Por último, se realiza un breve análisis de cómo el conservadurismo actual de Rusia y los postulados neo-eursasianistas han conseguido fraguar en el movimiento de la 'Nueva Derecha' europea, influenciando en el pensamiento e ideas de muchos teóricos tradicionalistas europeos. ; This paper analyses the Fourth Political Theory, articulated by the Russian historian and philosopher Alexander Dugin in the context of the development of a new Russian foreign policy after Vladimir Putin seized power. The work is divided into three parts. The first part introduces the Fourth Political Theory as a new postulate of the Eurasianist school and the new Russian right. The second part studies the influence of these premises on Putin's foreign policy. The third part explains the ascending projection of Dugin's figure in Europe and his influence in groups of the Nouvelle Droite, a political tendency that has reappeared vigorously as a consequence of the immigration crisis and the social consequences of the austerity policies in Europe. All this with the final objective of manifesting the linear pragmatism carried out by Putin in his geopolitical and geostrategic decisions on the international chessboard in the face of the new neo-Eurasianist theory arising from the old traditional school. ; Aquest treball analitza la Quarta Teoria Política, articulada per l'historiador i filòsof rus Alexander Dugin, en el context del desenvolupament d'una nova política exterior russa després de l'arribada a el poder de Vladímir Putin. El treball es divideix en tres parts. La primera d'elles introdueix la Quarta Teoria Política com a nou postulat de l'escola euroasianista i de la nova dreta russa. La segona part indaga sobre la influència d'aquestes premisses en la política exterior de Putin. La tercera explica l'ascendent projecció de la figura de Dugin a Europa i la seva influència en grups de la Nova Dreta, una tendència política que ha ressorgit amb força en l'actualitat com a conseqüència de la crisi de la immigració i les conseqüències socials de les polítiques de austeritat a Europa. Tot això amb l'objectiu final de manifestar el pragmatisme lineal dut a terme per Putin en les seves decisions geopolítiques i geoestratègiques sobre el tauler internacional enfront de la nova teoria neoeuroasianista sorgida de la vella escola tradicional.

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in the prevalence of diabetes among hospitalized HIV-infected patients between 1997 and 2012 in Spain and compare them with those of age- and sex-matched non-HIV-infected patients. METHODS: The study was based on Spanish national hospital discharge data. We performed a retrospective study for the period 1997-2012. HIV infection (HIV-infected versus non-HIV-infected [control group])and calendar period in relation to widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) (1997-1999; 2000-2003; 2004-2007 and 2008-2012), were the exposure variables The outcome variables were diagnosis of diabetes and in-hospital mortality (IHM). RESULTS: From 1997 to 2012, we identified 91,752 cases of diabetes: 15,398 in the HIV-infected group (403,277 hospital admissions) and 76,354 in the non-HIV-infected group (1,503,467 hospital admissions). Overall, HIV-infected patients had lower prevalence values for diabetes than non-HIV-infected patients throughout the follow-up (3.8% vs. 5.1%; p<0.001). The prevalence of diabetes increased 1.56-fold among non-HIV-infected patients and 4.2-fold among HIV-infected patients. The prevalence of diabetes in females was almost twice as high in HIV-infected patients as in non-HIV-infected patients during the last study period (4.72% vs. 2.88%; p<0.001). Diabetes showed a protective effect against IHM throughout the study period (aOR = 0.70; 95%CI, 0.65-0.75). CONCLUSIONS: During the cART era, the prevalence of diabetes has increased sharply among HIV-infected hospitalized patients compared with matched non-HIV-infected subjects. The prevalence of diabetes is rising very fast among HIV-infected women. Diabetes has a protective effect on IHM among HIV-infected patients. Nevertheless, our study has several limitations. No information is available in the database used on important sociodemographic characteristics and relevant clinical variables including duration of the HIV infection, treatments used, drug resistance, treatment adherence or CD4 count, among others. Also, it is possible that increase of diabetes prevalence could reflect the improvement in recording habits. ; This study forms part of research funded by the FIS (Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias—Health Research Fund, Instituto de Salud Carlos III grants no. PI13/00118, PI11/00245 & PI14CIII/00011 and PI12/00019) co-financed by the European Union through the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, "Una manera de hacer Europa") and by the Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco Santander Nº30VCPIGI03: Investigación traslacional en el proceso de salud—enfermedad (ITPSE). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. ; Sí