Suchergebnisse

AbstractThe years after 2015 were remarkable for the reception and accommodation schemes of refugees fleeing Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. The EU‐Turkey common statement of March 2016 and, most of all, the sealing of the Balkan corridor, blocked the flow of refugees towards central Europe through Greece, testing the readiness of the Greek authorities to take action to meet a series of urgent needs (accommodation, nutrition, asylum procedures, health) and social integration processes (education, training, access to labour). Approximately 45,000 refugees are settled in refugee camps or urban settlements all over the country. Those entrapped in the Eastern Aegean islands should be returned to Turkey, which is considered a "safe third country". The purpose of this article is to shed light on a phenomenon that is ongoing and challenges a series of policies and legal principles both in Greece and the EU.

The word most frequently uttered by Greece and Turkey with regard to their Muslim1 and non-Muslim minorities, respectively, is most probably 'reciprocity.' For more than half a century, in both countries, virtually all administrations,irrespective of their political leanings and ideological base, resorted to the good old 'reciprocity argument' to legitimize their laws, policies, and practices restricting the minority rights of Muslim and non-Muslim communities. Both states have for decades justified their policies on the basis of a theory that argues that Article 45 of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne provided the legal basis for reciprocity. Deliberately distorting a crystal-clear provision, which simply confers parallel obligations on Greece and Turkey for the protection of the Muslim and non-Muslim minorities, respectively, both states have for decades held their own citizens hostage, pitting them against each other in the name of defeating the other in foreign policy. Disregarding the objections of international lawyers and institutions that the reciprocity principle does not apply to human rights treaties and that states cannot condition the protection of the fundamental rights of their citizens on the policies of other states, both Greece and Turkey have successfully manipulated their national public opinion into believing in the legitimacy of treating minorities as lesser citizens. This report analyzes the implications of reciprocity policies on the day-to-day lives of Muslim and non-Muslim minorities in Greece and Turkey, specifically their impact on the community foundations2 belonging to these minorities. With a specific focus on the property and self-management issues of Muslim and non-Muslim community foundations in Greece and Turkey, the report situates the issue in its historical context and trace the evolution of the 'community foundation issue' from Lausanne to the present day. Drawing similarities and differences between the laws, policies, and practices of Greek and Turkish states vis-à-vis their minority foundations, the report critically assesses the progress made to this day as well as identify the outstanding issues.

Der Beitrag versucht ein Resümee der Studien des vorliegenden Sammelbands zum Thema doppelte bzw. mehrfache Staatsangehörigkeit bzw. -bürgerschaft. Die Interpretation stützt sich auf die Ergebnisse des international vergleichenden Forschungsprojekts "Doppelte Staatsangehörigkeit, Governance und Bildung" in sieben EU-Mitgliedsstaaten (Finnland, Frankreich, Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Griechenland, Portugal, Estland, Großbritannien) und Israel. Die Staatsbürgerschaftspolitiken spiegeln die verschiedenen Auffassungen von Bürgerschaft als Teil der ökonomischen, politischen, sozialen und kulturellen Identität einer Gesellschaft bzw. des Staates. Auch historische Traditionen, wie die des Nationalbewussteins oder der politischen Kultur, beeinflussen die Ausländer-, Minderheiten-, Zuwanderungs- und Asylpolitik im starken Maße. Die konkreten Maßnahmen von Recht und Politik beruhen entscheidend auf diesen allgemeinen ideologischen Hintergrundannahmen zur nationalen und kulturellen Identität. (ICA). Die Untersuchung enthält quantitative Daten. Die Untersuchung bezieht sich auf den Zeitraum 2004 bis 2004.