Suchergebnisse

The article analyses publication ethics in the contemporary world. The first part of the article is devoted to the scientific ethics. Publication ethics is a part of scientific ethics and should be considered in the context of history of science and the development of moral principles in this field. The authors describe the main issues of scientific ethics in the second part of the 20(th) century. Many moral problems and dilemmas in this field were caused by the development of science and technology. Mass destruction weapons and the invention of nuclear bombs have made scientific community and government officials recognize the possible negative impact of the modern science and technology on humankind and the environment. At the same time, medical science began to contradict medicine as the profession. The main scientific aim is new scientific knowledge whereas human health and life are professional goals of medicine. The researches that Nazi scientists conducted were crimes against humanity. Since then research ethics has attracted public's attention to experiments involving humans. Today many international and governmental documents protect human participants and animals. The rapid development of science has made research ethics and then publication ethics very topical. The Committee on Publication Ethics, one of the most important organizations in the field of publication ethics, was founded by the editors of medical journals. The authors describe the concepts of scientific ethics and sociology of science by R. Merton, S. Fuller and J. Ziman. According to these concepts, publication activity of scientists is one of the most important factors that influence scientists' wages and funding their projects. That is why there are too many violations of publication ethics. The second part of the article analyses main violations of publication ethics and among them are 1) conflict of interests; 2) data fabrication; 3) plagiarism; 4) self-plagiarism, duplicated publications and "salami slicing"; 5) violations of authorship; 6) violations of journals' policies, criteria of publication, publication fees and others. The authors concluded that violations of publication ethics are very widespread in the world scientific community and sometimes it is very difficult to detect the violations and punish the guilty. At the same time, violations of publication ethics can prevent the violations in research ethics and other important fields of scientific ethics.

The importance of ethical regulation of professional practice is one of the most topical and discussed problems in modern ethics. The reason for it lies in the rapid development and institutionalization of a wide range of professions in which ethical questions make the very essence of professional practice, determine its characteristics and future perspectives of the professionals working in the respective fields. These questions are particularly topical for a range of relatively new professions connected with producing and functioning of information. Computerization and implementation of new information technologies lead to fundamental changes not only in technics and technology but also in professional work itself, to the extension of requirements applied to the professional image of the worker and to the genesis of a new way of thinking. The processes of ethical regulation of professional practice, of development and functioning of professional morality constitute the subject area of modern professional ethics. Professional ethics is a study of professional morality as a sum of ideals and values, ideas of the proper, ethical principles and norms of behavior which reflect the essence of the profession and adjust the relations that develop between workers during their work process and spring from the content of their professional practice. Philosophical nature of ethics allows it to make a moral assessment of different social facts and processes, first of all, of work and professional practice. The genesis of professional ethics is linked to the comprehension of problems of professional morality which was a result of the social division of labor and the attendant specialization and professional differentiation. However, the existence of various codices, rules, oaths and other systems of ethical regulation in different professions doesn't guarantee civilized professional ethical relations. Social and spiritual maturity of society, the level of development of democratic public institutions, the condition of law and moral conscience, patriotism and moral culture largely affect the manifestation of the ethical aspect of professional practice. One of the most important criteria of the ethical assessment of the quality of professional practice and of worker's personality is professionalism which implies not only the sum of certain professional knowledge and skills but also the moral image of the specialist, fulfillment of requirements of professional ethics, the ability to follow the common norms as well as professional moral norms in his professional practice.

The article is dedicated to the interpretation of views of Russian philosopher I.A. Ilyin (1883-1954) on eternal ethical and psychological problems which concern the modern young generation. His original and profound reflections promote high ideals, contribute to ethical and psychological studies and help to confront the spiritual impoverishment of society and to harmonize social relations. I.A. Ilyin left an enormous legacy of books and contributed to studies of various academic spheres, but his most famous works are devoted to social and political, law, philosophical and religious problems. His aesthetic as well as ethical and psychological legacy is studied to a much lesser extent, whereas Ilyin himself thought that his most important works were written in his last years of life in which he mostly studied aesthetic, ethical and psychological questions. The article reviews Ilyin's interpretation of ethical categories such as happiness, love, justice, friendship, death, immortality, good and evil, guilt, conscience and analyses the problems of upbringing of the young generation. The meaning of the moral categories is interpreted differently in the history of ethics and in modern studies. I.A. Ilyin follows the Christian tradition in his ethical reflections presented in his works such as "I am looking into life. The book of meditations", "Singing heart. The book of quiet contemplation", "The way to insight", "The look into the distance". The article also studies the psychological phenomena such as sincerity, fidelity, solitude, humor, optimism, age, delicacy, boredom, insomnia and Ilyin's interpretation of them as well as psychological aspects of gender problems. The problem of spirituality is particularly acute both for Russia and the West in the XXI century and in this regard the appeal to the works of I.A. Ilyin and the interpretation of his ethical and psychological reflections are especially relevant.