Suchergebnisse

Tesis por compendio ; [EN] The Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) include a wide range of issues; those that cover food safety, animal health and plant protection, are known as Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS). SPS are a key element in the agrifood trade and a major challenge for trade policy and food safety. The application of the SPS is a dynamic and complex process due to the diversity of actors involved and the heterogeneity of objectives pursued: political, social, economic and environmental. In this global scenario, with increasingly complex regulations and organizations that affect the rules of agricultural trade, it is necessary to know more about its operation. This research aims to improve the understanding of the implementation of SPS in the agrifood trade. It challenges the assumption that the application of MNA is directly or exclusively linked to technical issues or others related to food safety, aiming to investigate other drivers that influence its application. An analysis of the implementation of SPS is carried out through two research questions: Q1) whether the implementation of NTMs is related to the elimination of trade tariffs, ultimately, the existence of policy substitution between NTMs and tariff; Q2) the application of NTMs is motivated by a systematic behaviour, guided by economic considerations and policies beyond the application of specific food notifications and health problems. The Q1 is studied in the countries of the South and East Mediterranean (SEMC) while Q2 is studied at the European Union (EU). The methodology used to address the first hypothesis, the policy substitution, begins with an analysis of the state of the art, continues with the classification into categories based on the use of NTMs and tariffs, and finally applies multiple regression models to test the hypothesis. To compare tariffs and NTMs, the research works with the Ad Valorem Equivalents (AVEs) established by Kee et al. (2009) and supported by an extensive literature. To address the second hypothesis, the source of ...

AbstractThe hypothesis that six EU Member States show a common behaviour on the implementation of food safety standards on fruit and vegetables imports is examined. To do so, we analyzed food border notifications recorded by the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). Path dependence and reputation effects of past border notifications were explored for the whole period 2001–13, and for sub‐periods 2001–07 and 2008–13. Negative binomial (NB) and zero‐inflated negative binomial (ZINB) distributions were used to deal with over‐dispersion and excess of zero counts. Our findings suggest that the EU cannot be considered as a single unit when non‐tariff measures are studied, although there are some signs that Member State behaviour is becoming more uniform in the most recent period.

[Otros] Depuis les dernières décennies, les pays du Sud et de l'Est de la Méditerranée suivent un processus de libéralisation progressive des échanges. Comme conséquence de ce processus, l'importance et l'intérêt des mesures non tarifaires a augmenté. Le but de cet article est de considérer les facteurs sous-jacents pour l'application des mesures non tarifaires au-delà des préoccupations spécifiques en matière de sécurité alimentaire. Pour ce faire, nous examinons l'importance de deux hypothèses qui fournissent une explication aux MNT dans les pays méditerranéens. La première est l'«effet de réputation» ou l'influence du passé historique des notifications sur les refus à la frontière. La deuxième fait référence à l'hypothèse de la politique de substitution ou compromis entre les mesures non tarifaires et les tarifs douaniers. Ces deux points de vue visent à donner une image de la mise en oeuvre et la situation des MNT dans le commerce alimentaire méditerrannéen. Les deux hypothèses suggèrent qu'il existe des facteurs économiques et politiques qui affectent la mise en oeuvre des MNT. ; [EN] Since the last decades, Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs) are following a process of progressive trade liberalization. As a consequence of such process, the significance and interest on Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) has increased. The aim of this paper is to discuss the underlying factors affecting the implementation of NTMs. NTMs include specific food safety concerns. However, there could also be economic and political reasons affecting the frequency of implementation of food safety measures (border alerts). We thus explore the significance of two hypotheses that provide an explanation of NTMs in Mediterranean countries. The first one is the ¿reputation effect¿ or the influence of past history of notifications on border rejections. The second one refers to the policy substitution hypothesis or the trade-off between NTMs and tariffs. These two approaches intend to give an overview of the implementation of NTMs ...

[EN] The significance of and interest in non-tariff measures (NTMs) have increased as a consequence of the reduction in agricultural tariffs. This paper analyses the relationship between NTMs and tariffs in southern Mediterranean countries (SMCs) through two complementary analyses. First, the authors construct a taxonomy of protection for products, distinguishing between high protection, transparent protection, low protection and disguised protection. The low protection category is most widely represented, and the disguised protection category is also important. Second, the policy substitution hypothesis between tariff and non-tariff protection is tested. This hypothesis appears in the literature as the possibility that countries implement NTMs for protection purposes, as a result of the progressive reduction in the tariffs levied. Policy substitution is found in some SMCs, which is consistent with an upward trend of non-tariff protection as tariff liberalization progresses in the region. ; The authors are grateful for support from the European Commission through FP7 'Sustainable agri-food systems and rural development in the Mediterranean Partner Countries' (SUSTAINMED, FP7-KBBE-2009-3-245233), and from the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID-06-12). ; Tudela Marco, L.; García Alvarez-Coque, JM.; Martinez Gómez, VD. (2014). Are non-tariff measures a substitute for tariffs in agricultural trade? Recent evidence from southern Mediterranean countries. Outlook On Agriculture. 43(4):235-240. https://doi.org/10.5367/oa.2014.0187 ; S ; 235 ; 240 ; 43 ; 4

[ES] El principal objetivo de esta contribución es compartir una experiencia de aprendizaje colaborativo basada en el curso online masivo y abierto (MOOC) Retos de la agricultura y la alimentación en el siglo XXI . El curso genera un espacio de debate y reflexión en torno a la agricultura y la alimentación a partir de una cuestión de gran alcance ¿Cómo asumir el reto de alimentar una población creciente en un planeta donde los recursos son limitados? . Entendemos el MOOC como una oportunidad para fomentar el autoaprendizaje, y expresar diferentes visiones y realidades de la agricultura. Las estadísticas de participación y seguimiento del curso fueron exitosas, con 1.160 participantes que finalizaron las actividades en la primera edicion, lo que supuso aproximadamente un tercio de los inscritos. Ello nos animó a lanzar la segunda edición del curso en la plataforma UPVx, con tasas de finalización igualmente satisfactorias. Esta emergente modalidad de aprendizaje está siendo bien recibida y se va consolidando como una herramienta útil, capaz de dar respuesta a una demanda creciente de conocimiento plural. Sin duda, también plantean retos y dudas a resolver. Nuestra intención es compartir lo aprendido para ser capaces de incorporar mejoras, aplicarlas en beneficio del conocimiento con la intención de aumentar las posibilidades de intercambio y aprovechar spill-overs sobre el resto del sistema educativo. ; [EN] Teaching object, teaching article, media studies, interactive PDF, video goal is to share the lessons learned in order to work on further improvements, enhance exchange knowlegde and encourage spillovers over the education system. ; Martinez Gomez, VD.; Moreno-Pérez, OM.; Compes López, R.; Tudela Marco, L.; García Alvarez-Coque, JM. (2014). Retos de la Agricultura y la Alimentación en el siglo XXI, una experiencia de aprendizaje colaborativo. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 343-352. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/168743 ; S ; 343 ; 352

[EN] After two decades of research on sustainable intensification (SI), namely securing food production on less environmental cost, heterogeneous understandings and perspectives prevail in a broad and partly fragmented scientific literature. Structuring and consolidating contributions to provide practice-oriented guidelines are lacking. The objectives of this study are to (1) comprehensively explore the academic SI literature, (2) propose an implementation-oriented conceptual framework, and (3) demonstrate its applicability for region-specific problem settings. In a systematic literature review of 349 papers covering the international literature of 20 years of SI research, we identified SI practices and analysed temporal, spatial and disciplinary trends and foci. Based on key SI practices, a conceptual framework was developed differentiating four fields of action from farm to regional and landscape scale and from land use to structural optimisation. Its applicability to derive region specific SI solutions was successfully tested through stakeholder processes in four European case studies. Disciplinary boundaries and the separation of the temporal and spatial strands in the literature prevent a holistic address of SI. This leads to the dominance of research describing SI practices in isolation, mainly on the farm scale. Coordinated actions on the regional scale and the coupling of multiple practices are comparatively un-derrepresented. Results from the case studies demonstrate that implementation is extremely context-sensitive and thus crucially depends on the situational knowledge of farmers and stakeholders. Although, there is no 'one size fits all' solution, practitioners in all regions identified the need for integrated solutions and common action to implement suitable SI strategies at the regional landscape level and in local ecosystems. ; This research was financially supported by the European Commission under grant agreement 652615 and conducted in the context of the ERA-Net FACCE SURPLUS project VITAL, ...

68 80 257 ; S ; [EN] After two decades of research on sustainable intensification (SI), namely securing food production on less environmental cost, heterogeneous understandings and perspectives prevail in a broad and partly fragmented scientific literature. Structuring and consolidating contributions to provide practice-oriented guidelines are lacking. The objectives of this study are to (1) comprehensively explore the academic SI literature, (2) propose an implementation-oriented conceptual framework, and (3) demonstrate its applicability for region-specific problem settings. In a systematic literature review of 349 papers covering the international literature of 20 years of SI research, we identified SI practices and analysed temporal, spatial and disciplinary trends and foci. Based on key SI practices, a conceptual framework was developed differentiating four fields of action from farm to regional and landscape scale and from land use to structural optimisation. Its applicability to derive region specific SI solutions was successfully tested through stakeholder processes in four European case studies. Disciplinary boundaries and the separation of the temporal and spatial strands in the literature prevent a holistic address of SI. This leads to the dominance of research describing SI practices in isolation, mainly on the farm scale. Coordinated actions on the regional scale and the coupling of multiple practices are comparatively un-derrepresented. Results from the case studies demonstrate that implementation is extremely context-sensitive and thus crucially depends on the situational knowledge of farmers and stakeholders. Although, there is no 'one size fits all' solution, practitioners in all regions identified the need for integrated solutions and common action to implement suitable SI strategies at the regional landscape level and in local ecosystems. This research was financially supported by the European Commission under grant agreement 652615 and conducted in the context of the ERA-Net FACCE SURPLUS ...