Suchergebnisse

Although the population registration in Indonesia has long been put through, the result is still unreliable, thus population census should be considered as a major source in providing data of population and households. Since its independent status, Indonesia has carried out the census for five times: in 1961, 1971, 1980, 1990, and in 2000 with the goals of providing a considerable amount of details of population data such as: buildings and households, villages potential (potensi desa or podes), and main pattern frames for survey and others census applications.The collected data contain information of households and individuals by the census taking system both de jure and de facto for the entire population of Indonesia, including those living abroads such as diplomatic corps with their family members. For the 2000 population census of Indonesia or SP 2000, the data of household and population by temporary residence status, have been put through by the national Central Bureau of Statistic, whereas the data of those by permanent residence status have been carried out by the Regional Central Bureau of Statistic, which are all predicted would be finished before the end of the year of 2000.

Most elderly have lower education level, they work in agriculture sector with lower income so it is natural if they are categorized as vulnerable in meeting their basic needs. They are willing to work anything, they depend on the fund giving by their children and children in laws as long as they have income. This depency is higher on elderly women than men. When they get sick, they only go to puskesmas or pustu to find the cure. They spend most of their time watching television even most of the programs are not suitable to their needs. The government has done many programs in helping there vulnerable citizens, but still these elderly have not catch their attention yet.

When Total Fertility Rate is getting lower, some even reach below the replacement level, the opportunity for women to enter the labor market is getting bigger. They are well educated so it is natural that labor participation rate is increasing too. But on the contrary, the employment opportunities is limited and caused a part of them to become an open unemployment and underemployment. Por those who already work, most of them work in non- agricultural sectors as half skilled manpower in other sectors. por the last 25 years, there has been a change in labor market for women, but there is still a wage gap between men and women for the same job.

The 1990 Village Potential Census (PODES) aims at collecting data on village capabilities, land utilities, transportations, population and environment, and agricultural, economics, educational and health activities in order to investigate village development in Indonesia. Part of the existing data is utilized for compiling sume indicators on poor and non-poor villages. To obtain certain criteria on poverty, 27 variables have been selected for the rural-villages regions and 25 variables for urban villages which are assumed as being relevant of being poor. The criteria of poverty is based on the total score average, village total score, and deviation standard.The result of the analysis only show the location of poor villages, and not the existing number of poor population. The criteria about a poor village should be extremely carefully utilized since part of the selected variables is based on the reports of majority of the village population only, so that the benefit becomes very limited. Information about these poor villages is more suited for the parameters of poor village facilities and infrastuctures. Information about poor villages, according to PODES, has several basic weaknesses which can be improved with the support of the data of the 1993 Agricultural Census or the 1994 National Socioeconomyc Survey.

The conformity betweenpopulation projection and both the survey and census results depends very much on the assumption used. The fertility, mortality, and the migration dynamics may affect both the number and structure of the projection results of the population. In line with this, the population projection is formed by using several different assumptions to be able to obtain a clear description about the minimum and maximum conditions of the population in the years to come.The population growth rate of Indonesia in the coming years is estimated to remain high as a consequence of the population structure of the younger age group. The fertility reduction that has taken place has only affected the number of population aged less than ten years, whereas the growth rate of the population aged ten years and over will remain high because of the mortility reduction. The main challenge of the future could be that the population number of the teenage group and the adolescence may be higher than that of the previous period. The female population of the productive age group and the population of the old age group have also increased in number. This phenomenon is very closely related with the expansion of the employment opportunities, consumtion needs, health services, and of many other facilities. The number of population of the economically productive age group and the eligible female age group will, in the coming years, be much greater than that in 1990. This needs serious and effective planning to tackle the problem so that it may not become a burdento the country's development.

Most elderly have lower education level, they work in agriculture sector with lower income so it is natural if they are categorized as vulnerable in meeting their basic needs. They are willing to work anything, they depend on the fund giving by their children and children in laws as long as they have income. This depency is higher on elderly women than men. When they get sick, they only go to puskesmas or pustu to find the cure. They spend most of their time watching television even most of the programs are not suitable to their needs. The government has done many programs in helping there vulnerable citizens, but still these elderly have not catch their attention yet.

The various forms of crises that have occurred at national and regional scale have not yet been fully felt in the dry areas, particularly in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta Special Province. Interesting, these rural dry areas have been very resistant and flexible in facing the impact of the economic crisis. The major factor that has made this possible is self-reliance, which was triggered by the low degree of dependence on other places for various necessities. Most of the places provide them for themselves. As far as providing basic necessities are concerned, the rural community has not yet shown symptoms of anxiety. Some saving has actually been carried out, but there is not yet any sufficient evidence of drastic decline in quality and quantity. From the beginning of the economic recession until today, saving for general (public) benefit, especially in social issues – (communalism), which is usually difficult to establish, could be easily accepted with no resistance from the community. The prospect of the rural economic sector of the dry lands can be divided into two broad categories, that is the survivor sector, and the inferior sector. The survivor sector comprises of economic activities that will continue to persist even if there is no growth, like agriculture and animal husbandry. The inferior sector on the other hand, include those activities, which are not very effective in addressing the economic crisis, and even potentially risk vanishing, like industry, trade and service sectors. The biggest impact is however, more felt in the non- economic sector, particularly those to do with services like health and family planning.

West Nusa Tenggara is wellknown as the sending place for international migrant workers, especially to Saudi Arabian and Malaysia. The foreign exchanged they produced is big enough, almost Rp1,6 millions per day. Unfortunately, the local government did not receive anything from that amount, except for many complicated problems occurs by the international migrant workers. Many brokers or fund supported agents had benefit from the workers by preparing their administration paper for the departure. These people also put higher interest on the loan made by the workers and they have a lot of money considered that each year the amount of international migrant workers have increased. On the other side, the local government still resistant in showing goodwill to become the fund supported agent which can protect the workers from loan with higher interest.

Action programs dealing with unemployment problems, beth by sector and intersector, which were done in the past and those will be done in the future seems are unable to overcome the problems. This is becauce most of the programs were less attracted to the excepted participants (the unemployed). Almost all of the education and training programs offered materials only at introduction level, while in the job seeking competition the preference is a person with a master qualification or on expert in a certain job. The shift of the unemployed characteristics, from the less educated to be an educated one will also simply the action programs' type and level of education and training. It means that the programs should be designed to produce a skilled person or a master on their jobs.

Urbanization canbedefined inmanyways: various definitions concerning it are found in population literature. Different censuses also tend to define the concept of urban differently. This inconsistency of definitionhas obstructed those who want to conduct acomparative analysis on urbanization, both cross- country and longitudinal analysis of a country. This article attempts to examine the problem by clarifying the definition of the concept and indicators of urban and urbanization and by making a longitudinal analysis of urbanization using the Indonesian 1920-1990 Cencus data. Regardless of how the concept of urban is defined in each census, this analysis has found a steady increase in urban population number. However, if the different definitions of the concept are taken into consideration, it may bring up different conclusion. Part of the reasons of the increase is a reclassification of village' status from being rural to become urban. Oneway to prove this proposition is by comparing the level of urban population growth between large cities and their surrounding regencies. This analysis clearly shows that the latter has higher population growth than the former.

West Nusa Tenggara is wellknown as the sending place for international migrant workers, especially to Saudi Arabian and Malaysia. The foreign exchanged they produced is big enough, almost Rp1,6 millions per day. Unfortunately, the local government did not receive anything from that amount, except for many complicated problems occurs by the international migrant workers. Many brokers or fund supported agents had benefit from the workers by preparing their administration paper for the departure. These people also put higher interest on the loan made by the workers and they have a lot of money considered that each year the amount of international migrant workers have increased. On the other side, the local government still resistant in showing goodwill to become the fund supported agent which can protect the workers from loan with higher interest.

Lowest number of population increasing is not being supported with the increasing of labor market. This has caused many forms of unemployment problem. The unappropriated quality between supply and demand of employment has trigged multidimensional problems in the job market. Empowerment of agricultural sector, informal sector and friendly manpower kind of industry along with the local entrepreneur reinforcing will be the important aspect in handling this kind of matter. Aside from that, the limitation of local capability should be upgraded with placing the employees to another countries or areas, such as AKAD and AKAN.

There is a disparity in welfare between the people who dwell in mountanous areas and those living in plains, coastalal areas which is due to the difference in accessibility. Coastal regions, develop fast and generally have higher economic and social well-being because of the better accessibility they are bestowed with. However, in general, the people of Papua enjoy lower welfare than they are capable of enjoying in relation to the natural resopurces the province has. The abundant natural resources in the province have not been exploited to the full in endevor to improve the well being of the popuakltuion. The division of Papua province into West Papua, Central Papua, and East Papua is expected to accelerate the development process, which should in turn reduce income disparity. None theless, some redress must be found to the problem of uneven distribution of natural resources among the three provinces, to prevent the emergence of regional paracholiasm which may the source of income inequality among the three new provinces due to their different respective locations on the the coast, plains, and mountaneous region.

The improvement of health facilities has been a major priority of the government policy. It is related to the effort of controlling population growth by reducing fertility and mortality rate. In line with this, one issue is worthwhile to question: whether or not those facilities productively utilized by the local people. This research was conducted in Lambuya subdistrict, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, the area which is considered to be successful in the implementation of the family planning program. The utilization of health and family planning services, from the aspect of age, education, and resident of clients is quite satisfactory. Based on these three aspects, it is not surprising if they can rely on health andfamily planningproviders. Besides the health workers at the primary health care, there are 91 traditional healers who take over health problems. The awareness of the local people to revisit the primary health care after an initial treatment is more of a causative effect of the initiative of health providers, than the desire of the clients themselves. Effort on enlightenment by improving quality of information to the people is influential in making people utilized the services available at the primary health care.

The improvement of health facilities has been a major priority of the government policy. It is related to the effort of controlling population growth by reducing fertility and mortality rate. In line with this, one issue is worthwhile to question: whether or not those facilities productively utilized by the local people. This research was conducted in Lambuya subdistrict, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi, the area which is considered to be successful in the implementation of the family planning program. The utilization of health and family planning services, from the aspect of age, education, and resident of clients is quite satisfactory. Based on these three aspects, it is not surprising if they can rely on health andfamily planningproviders. Besides the health workers at the primary health care, there are 91 traditional healers who take over health problems. The awareness of the local people to revisit the primary health care after an initial treatment is more of a causative effect of the initiative of health providers, than the desire of the clients themselves. Effort on enlightenment by improving quality of information to the people is influential in making people utilized the services available at the primary health care.